Urban Issues and Challenges

• Hate Crime : Crimes and vandalism that are motivated by a person’s ethnicity or religion.
• Lower Income Country (LIC) : A country of low wealth and a limited level of development.
• Megacity : A city with a population greater than 10 million people.
• Integrated Transport : A system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city.
• Informal Work : Self-employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited health regulations.
• Multicultural City : A city that shares and encourages many different cultures and religions, besides the national culture.
• Net Migration : The total number of people entering minus the number of people leaving a country.
• Dereliction : Where buildings are left unused or unoccupied.
• Middle Income Country (MIC) : A country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development.
• Regeneration : A city tries to change its appearance or reputation through new building constructions.
• Greenfield Land : Land that hasn’t been built on before, often used for farming or left naturally.
• Pull Factors : Reasons why a person may feel attracted towards living in the city.
• Rural-Urban Migration : Individuals move their homes from a rural area to the urban city, for work opportunities or a better quality of life.
• Push Factors : Reasons why a person may feel they need to move away from a rural area.
• Ethnic Minorities : Groups of people that make up a small proportion of the total population.
• Skilled Migrants : Migrants who have trained for a particular profession, for example doctors or teachers.
• Sustainability : A city which has minimal environmental damage and social inequality, whilst conserving resources for the future
• Remittance : A family member living in a different country can send money back to their country of origin to support their family substantially.
• Respiratory Conditions : Illnesses that affect your breathing, for example asthma or lung disease.
• Urban Greening : Growing more vegetation and trees in the centre of a city. For example, growing plants of office rooftops or mini allotments on pavements.
• Segregation : The exclusion and isolation of a particular group of people.
• Urban Sprawl : The process of a city growing and spreading out, taking over surrounding greenfield land.
• Social Inequality : The difference in quality of life between the highest income family and lowest income household.
• Unskilled Migrants : Migrants who haven’t been trained or educated for a high-skill profession, for example farmers or shop workers.
• What is the term for individuals moving their homes from a rural area to the urban city?


  Rural to Urban Migration