1200-1500

• How did Hippocrates change the approach to medicine?

  He looked to nature for explanations of illness
• What are the four humors identified by Hippocrates?

  Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
• How did Galen build upon Hippocrates' ideas?

  He emphasized treatment of opposites
• Why were Galen's ideas accepted by the Christian Church?

  His ideas aligned with their beliefs
• How did the beliefs about illness in medieval times influence treatments?

  • Illness was often seen as divine punishment
  • Treatments included prayer and religious rituals
  • Physical treatments were based on balancing humors
• What role did the Christian Church play in medieval medicine?

  • Supported Galen's ideas
  • Influenced medical practices and beliefs
  • Promoted prayer as a treatment method
• What were the key ideas linked to Hippocrates and Galen?

  • Hippocrates' four humors
  • Galen's treatment of opposites
  • Influence on medieval medicine
• What did medieval doctors believe about the cause of disease?

  They believed in the four humors
• How did medieval doctors view illness in relation to religion?

  They saw illness as a punishment from God
• What was the medieval belief about miasma?

  Bad smells caused disease
• How long did medieval doctors study at university?

  Seven years
• What restricted the education of medieval doctors?

  The church controlled their education
• What was banned by the church that affected medical training?

  Dissection of bodies
• How did medieval doctors diagnose patients?

  By examining urine and astrology
• Why were medieval doctors expensive?

  Few could afford their services
• What were common treatments used by medieval doctors?

  • Bloodletting
  • Trepanning
  • Cauterization
• What was bloodletting used for?

  To balance the four humors
• Why were barber-surgeons cheaper than doctors?

  They had less training
• How did the lack of knowledge about germs affect surgery outcomes?

  Infections often led to patient deaths
• What were the limitations of medieval surgery?

  • Limited knowledge of anatomy
  • No anesthesia or effective pain relief
  • High risk of infection
• What was Galen's significant contribution to medicine?

  The treatment of opposites
• How did the beliefs of medieval doctors differ from modern medical understanding?

  They lacked knowledge of germs and anatomy
• How did Galen influence the Christian Church?

  His ideas were adopted by the Church
• What did the Christian Church later ban?

  Dissection of human beings
• Why was surgery considered dangerous in medieval times?

  Due to blood loss, shock, and infection
• How did doctors learn about medicine in medieval times?

  Through books, not dissections
• Why were doctors expensive in medieval times?

  Few could afford to see them
• What should you include when writing about Hippocrates' significance?

  Key ideas and their meanings
• How can you achieve higher marks in a significance question?

  Use specific knowledge and explanations
• What is the structure for writing a significance answer?

  • State significance in the first sentence
  • Provide specific facts and evidence
  • Explain the importance at the end
• What was the title of Harvey's book?

  De Motu Cordis
• Why is it important to mention Galen when discussing Harvey?

  Shows the influence of past ideas
• What are the key points to remember when preparing for an exam question?

  • Review key concepts and figures
  • Practice writing structured answers
  • Use specific examples and evidence
• How did attitudes effect change

  Reduced change due to people staying with ancient practices and had respect for old traditions
• How did communication effect change

  Reduced change due to the Printing press being created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440, Only monks could read and write so the church controlled the books.
• How did individuals affect change

  Slowed it down due to the church promoting wrong ideas such as Galen's since it aligned with the churches beliefs.
• How did the government effect change

  The King had no obligation to improve health and the government had little power to allow for change
• Name the 4 believed causes of illness

  Miasma

  God

  Astrology

  4 Humours
• How did people try to treat and prevent God/ illness

  Treat

  • prayers
  • Mass
  • King's Touch
  • Pilgrimage

  Prevention

  Prayers

  Bathing

  Avoiding sin
• How was astrology treated

  Consulted stars charts and tried to pray