Test

• What is a chemical cell?

  Chemical cells are electrochemical cells that produce a voltage across the cell until one of the reactants has been used up
• What is a fuel cell?

  -chemical cell

  -thats supplied with a fuel and oxygen (or air) and uses the reaction between them to efficiently release energy
• Give an example of a fuel cell

  Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells
• What is a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

  -uses the reaction between hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen as it releases energy

  -this is then used hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells to produce a voltage

  -this can be used to power an electrical device that the fuel cell is connected to
• What is the reaction in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

  Hydrogen + oxygen -> water

  
  

  2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O
• What are the advantages of fuel cells?

  -hydrogen fuel cells are much more efficient than power stations at producing electricity

  -don't require any heavy machinery because they aren't alot of stages

  -don't produce any pollutants meaning there is no air pollution

  -replace batteries that pollute the environment when being disposed of
• What are the disadvantages of fuel cells?

  -hydrogen is a gas so it takes up far more space to store then liquid fuels

  -very explosive makes it difficult to store safely

  -still uses electricity because made from hydrocarbons or electrolysis of water

  -it would be expensive to develop and install the necessary technology to use fuel cells widely
• What does biotic mean?

  The living organisms found in an area
• What does abiotic mean?

  The physical, non living environment, such as water, wind and oxygen
• What is renewable energy?

  Energy that comes from sources that can be reused or replenished and therefore will not run out
• What is non-renewable energy?

  Energy sources that, once they have been used, can never be used again
• What are the uses of water?

  -its a resource needed for people to survive

  -drinking

  -washing

  -producing manufactured goods
• How is water exploited?

  Over extraction= water is used in large amounts for crops and urban use which depletes water supply

  
  

  Water pollution= agricultural runoff including excess fertilisers and pesticides and industrial waste goes into the water
• What are changes to the environment due to water exploitation?

  Water is being used faster then it can be replaced by rain=

  -causes problems for plants and animals

  -could cause a decrease in biodiversity

  
  

  Water pollution=

  -causes a decrease in the quality of water used for human consumption
• How is food exploited?

  Overgrazing= livestock graze a piece of land too much, removing vegetation faster than it can regenerate

  
  

  Overfishing= fishing fish from water at a rate faster than the population can replenish leading to lower fish numbers
• What are changes to the environment due to food exploitation?

  Overgrazing=

  -soil erosion occurs because its left exposed to the weather leading the soil to be eroded by the rain and wind

  
  

  Overfishing=

  -reduction in biodiversity in the oceans and changes in the number of fish species impact the whole ecosystem
• What are the uses of energy?

  -transportation= fuel for vehicles (diesel and petrol)

  -generating electricity= used to power homes and run machinery

  -heating= energy is used to heat homes and offices
• How is energy exploited?

  Overconsumption= people consume more energy then necessary and lead to depletion of resources
• What are changes to the environment due to energy exploitation?

  Accidents while abstracting= oil spills and gas leaks can harm marine and land ecosystems

  
  

  Land degradation= coal mining destroys landscapes

  
  

  Climate change= extracting and burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases leading to climate change
• What are the global patterns of forestry?

  -concentrated in certain areas

  -Canada, Brazil and the USA produce at least five percent of the world's wood production

  -tropical rainforest found in equatorial regions (example south-east asia)

  -coniferous forests found in northern US and central Russia
• What are the global patterns of fossil fuels?

  -The countries that have the most oil reserves are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Canada

  -The countries with the highest gas reserves are Russia, Iran and Qatar.

  -The largest coal reserves are found in USA, Russia and China
• What are the global patterns of water supply?

  -Some countries have built expensive water transfer schemes due to limited water supply where majority of people live.

  -North Africa, Central Asia, India and China suffer from water shortages.

  -The Americas and Russia have a water surplus.
• What are the global patterns of rocks and minerals?

  -Rock types are unevenly distributed across Earth and -Sedimentary rock is the most common.

  -Iron Ore is found on all continents, except Africa

  -Diamonds have only been found in Sub-Saharan Africa, Russia and Australia, but have not yet been discovered on other continents.
• What are the global patterns of soils?

  -type of soil relates to the climate and vegetation of the area

  -most fertile soils (Chernozems and Brown Earth Soils) are found in temperate latitudes and with areas of high agriculture production

  -soil are less fertile at the extreme north and south and in the desert biomes
• What are the UK patterns of soil and agriculture?

  -varied soils many of which are very fertile

  -mostly common type of soil is Brown Earth Soils which allows for arable farming

  -upland areas are only suitable for pastoral farming of animals
• What are the UK patterns of forestry?

  -wood are mainly found in north and west of the UK where climate and soils are less suited to agriculture.

  -forestry commission has stop mass deforestation for occurring

  -takes up approximately 2.5 per cent of the British economy
• What are the UK patterns of water?

  -high rainfall but it doesn't fall in areas of high population density

  -the south east suffers from water shortages in the summer when demand is high
• What are the UK patterns of fossil fuels?

  -fossil fuels including coal, oil and gas have been found in the UK

  -coal is found in South Wales, the Midlands and the Durham coal fields

  -offshore oil and gas has been found recently and exploited in the North Sea.
• What are the UK patterns of Rocks and minerals?

  -UK is dominated by sedimentary rock in the South and Igneous and Metamorphic rock in the North and Scotland

  -UK has a variety of minerals including construction minerals and industrial minerals
• percentage coal


  30%
• percentage gas


  30%
• percentage nuclear


  19%
• percentage renewable


  19.%
• most used renewable


  wind (9.5%)
• What are the global patterns for food consumption?

  -highest levels of food consumption are developed countries (Europe)

  -lowest levels of food consumption are developing countries (Sub-Saharan Africa)
• What are the global patterns for energy usage?

  The amount of energy depends on

  -how developed the country is

  =developed countries have a higher demand for energy

  =developing countries have a lower demand for energy

  =emerging countries use it to power their developing industries
• What are the global patterns for water usage?

  - the more developed a countries is the more safe drinking water it has

  -the amount of fresh water differs due to precipitation

  -increase in demand from developing and emerging countries because they are using it in manufacturing industry
• What are the advantages of coal?

  Large world reserves which are easily accessible

  
  

  Cheap/easy to mine due to improved technology

  
  

  Easy to convert into energy

  
  

  Efficient

  
  

  It is easy to produce energy from

  
  

  Reliable

  
  

  Can be stored safely
• What are the disadvantage of coal?

  Releases CO2 one of the main greenhouse gases

  
  

  Releases SO2 which leads to acid rain

  
  

  mines destroy habitats

  
  

  Mining accidents

  
  

  Air pollution
• What are the advantages of wind energy?

  No greenhouse gas emissions

  
  

  No air pollution

  
  

  Can be small or large scale

  
  

  Cheap to run

  
  

  Can be on land or offshore