7.1.1.1 Directional and Non-Directional Hypotheses

• What does the hypothesis "Students who study daily will score higher on exams" predict?

  Increased studying leads to better exam scores
• How does a directional hypothesis differ from a non-directional hypothesis?

  A directional hypothesis specifies the direction of change
• How do non-directional hypotheses differ from directional hypotheses?

  Non-directional hypotheses do not specify change direction.
• What does the hypothesis "Playing video games for 1 hour daily will reduce stress levels" suggest?

  Gaming will lower stress levels
• When are non-directional hypotheses typically used?

  When the direction of change is unclear or unknown.
• What does the hypothesis "Regular exercise will improve mood among teenagers" state?

  Exercise will positively impact mood
• What does a non-directional hypothesis indicate?

  It indicates a correlation between variables.
• What does the hypothesis "Regular exercise affects memory" suggest?

  It suggests a connection without direction
• What is a directional hypothesis?

  A hypothesis predicting the direction of change
• What do directional hypotheses predict?

  Specific direction of a relationship
• What are the key features of directional and non-directional hypotheses?

  • Directional:
  • Prediction: Specific direction
  • Language: "Increase" or "decrease"
  • Use Cases: Known or expected direction
  • Non-Directional:
  • Prediction: General relationship
  • Language: "Correlation" or "relationship"
  • Use Cases: Unclear or unknown direction
• What is a non-directional hypothesis?

  It predicts a relationship without specifying direction.
• In the statement "There is a correlation between sleep and productivity," what type of hypothesis is being used?

  Non-directional hypothesis
• What does the hypothesis "Social media usage is related to self-esteem" imply?

  It implies a relationship without direction
• How do non-directional hypotheses differ from directional hypotheses?

  Non-directional hypotheses do not specify outcomes
• What does the hypothesis "There is a correlation between stress and sleep quality" imply?

  It indicates a relationship without direction
• When would you use a directional hypothesis?

  When direction is known or expected
• Why are non-directional hypotheses important in research?

  They allow exploration of relationships without bias
• What are the differences between directional and non-directional hypotheses?

  • Directional hypothesis:
  • Direction is known
  • Example: "More exercise improves mood"
  • Non-directional hypothesis:
  • Direction is unclear
  • Example: "Exercise affects mood"
• When should you use a directional hypothesis?

  When the direction of the relationship is known
• What do non-directional hypotheses predict?

  A relationship exists without direction
• What are the characteristics of non-directional hypotheses?

  • Predict a relationship
  • Do not specify direction
  • Allow for various outcomes
• What is a non-directional hypothesis?

  A hypothesis without a specified direction
• When would you use a non-directional hypothesis?

  When direction is unclear or unknown
• What is a directional hypothesis?

  A hypothesis indicating a known direction
• What do non-directional hypotheses predict?

  A relationship between two variables