USA

• What is one US government response to social inequalities?

  Head Start programme
• What is the purpose of the Head Start programme?

  To provide support to poorer children
• How does the Head Start programme help children before elementary school?

  By providing nutritional and educational support
• How many children enter kindergarten each year after Head Start support?

  More than 1 million
• What is the Affordable Care Act also known as?

  Obamacare
• What was the main goal of the Affordable Care Act introduced in 2014?

  To increase access to healthcare
• What change occurred in the percentage of uninsured people after the ACA was introduced?

  It decreased from around 14% to 8%
• Why is the Head Start programme considered effective by some?

  It compensates for poverty-related educational inequality
• What percentage more likely are Head Start children to complete college?

  39%
• How has the Affordable Care Act impacted access to healthcare?

  It reduced barriers to healthcare access
• What is a criticism of the Head Start programme regarding ethnic groups?

  It doesn't sufficiently reduce inequalities between ethnic groups
• What percentage of White Americans have a degree compared to Black Americans?

  40% vs. 27%
• What is a major issue with the Affordable Care Act regarding life expectancy?

  It hasn't reduced the life expectancy gap
• How many years younger do Black Americans die compared to White Americans?

  6 years
• What is one social inequality related to healthcare in the USA?

  Lack of healthcare access for all
• Why do some Americans lack access to quality education?

  Schools are funded by local taxes
• What percentage of Black Americans have a degree compared to White Americans?

  27% vs. 40%
• Why might White Americans experience less educational inequality?

  They generally have lower levels of poverty
• What is one reason Black Americans suffer health inequality more?

  Higher rates of unemployment
• What is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) designed to do?

  Provide food assistance to low-income families
• What is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

  A government program that provides food assistance to low-income individuals and families
• How does SNAP work?

  Participants are given an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card to purchase approved food items
• What are the benefits of SNAP for children in low-income families?

  Children in SNAP families are less likely to be in poor health, underweight, and miss school
• What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as "Obamacare"?

  A law introduced in 2014 to increase access to affordable healthcare in the US
• How has the ACA impacted healthcare coverage in the US?

  The uninsured rate has fallen from around 14% to around 8% since the ACA was introduced
• What is the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program?

  A federal assistance program that provides cash benefits to low-income families with children
• How has the reach of TANF changed over time?

  The number of families receiving TANF benefits has declined significantly, from 68% in 1996 to 21% in 2021
• Why are Black Americans more likely to suffer from educational inequalities in the US?

  Schools in predominantly Black neighborhoods often have less funding and resources compared to schools in white neighborhoods
• Why are Black Americans more likely to suffer from healthcare inequalities in the US?

  Structural racism in the healthcare system leads to Black patients receiving lower quality care compared to white patients
• Why are Black Americans more likely to suffer from housing inequalities in the US?

  Housing discrimination makes it harder for Black Americans to find and afford good quality housing
• What are the key government responses to social inequalities in the US?

  • Head Start program to provide educational and nutritional support to low-income children
  • Affordable Care Act (ACA) to increase access to affordable healthcare
  • Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to provide food assistance to low-income families
  • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to provide cash benefits to low-income families with children
• What are the arguments for and against the effectiveness of government responses to social inequalities in the US?

  Arguments for effectiveness:

  • Head Start helps compensate for educational inequalities caused by poverty
  • ACA has reduced the uninsured rate and made healthcare more affordable

  Arguments against effectiveness:

  • Head Start has not closed achievement gaps between ethnic groups
  • ACA has not reduced life expectancy gaps between ethnic groups
  • TANF's reach has declined significantly over time
• Why are Black Americans more likely to suffer from economic inequalities in the US?

  • Unequal school funding in predominantly Black neighborhoods
  • Structural racism in the healthcare system leading to lower quality care
  • Housing discrimination making it harder to find and afford good quality housing
  • Higher rates of poverty and unemployment compared to White Americans
• If the radius of a circle is $r =$$5\text{ cm}$, what is the area of the circle?


  $25\pi \text{ cm}^2$
• How can symptoms appearing differently in White patients affect Black patients' health care?

  It can lead to missed health issues in Black patients.
• What is housing discrimination?

  Unfair treatment of Black people in housing.
• What scandal occurred in 2023 regarding Black Americans and housing?

  House values were reduced due to Black ownership.
• Why do Black Americans often rent instead of owning homes?

  They struggle to afford mortgage deposits.
• How does lower home ownership affect Black Americans' wealth?

  It leads to less wealth accumulation.
• What is employment discrimination?

  Unfair treatment of Black people in jobs.