A03

• What is the Oedipus complex?

  A theory about male gender development
• What is one strength of Freud's theory regarding the Oedipus complex?

  It has support for gender development
• According to Freud, what does 'normal' development for boys depend on?

  Being raised by at least one male parent
• What did George Rekers and Shasta Morey find about boys judged to be 'gender disturbed'?

  75% lacked a father figure
• What does the study by Henny Bos and Theo Sandfort suggest about children raised by lesbian parents?

  They felt less pressure to conform to stereotypes
• How does the study by Bos and Sandfort contradict Freud's theory?

  It suggests fathers are not necessary for gender identity
• What is one limitation of Freud's account of women's development?

  It is considered inadequate
• Who undertook theorizing on girls' parallel development?

  Carl Jung
• What did Freud admit about women?

  They were a mystery to him
• What criticism did Karen Horney have regarding Freud's notion of penis envy?

  It reflects an androcentric bias
• What concept did Horney propose as more powerful than penis envy?

  Womb envy
• According to Horney, what factors influence penis envy?

  Cultural rather than biological factors
• What is a limitation of the psychodynamic explanation according to critics?

  It lacks scientific credibility
• What method did Freud often use that drew criticism?

  Subjective case studies
• Why are many of Freud's concepts considered untestable?

  They are largely unconscious
• Who argued that Freud's theory is pseudoscientific?

  Karl Popper
• What does Karl Popper's critique imply about Freud's theory?

  It cannot be falsified through testing
• What does the lack of sound scientific evidence question about Freud's theory?

  The validity of the theory