Biological molecules

• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together through a condensation reaction.
• Polysaccharides can be branched or unbranched and are composed of many monosaccharide units joined together.
• Polysaccharides can be either branched or unbranched and serve as energy storage molecules or structural components.
• Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds, with the most common being starch (amylose) and cellulose.
• Cellulose is also made up of beta-glucose units but forms linear polymers that have no branches or side groups.
• Starch is found mainly in plants as storage carbohydrate and consists mostly of amylose, which has an alpha-1,4 linkage between glucose residues, while some amylopectin contains branching points due to alpha-1,6 links.
• Cellulose is an important structural component of plant cell walls.
• Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, while starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.
• Glycogen is the animal form of starch, while cellulose is the plant form of starch.
• Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids.
• Fats are esters formed from fatty acids and glycerol, with three fatty acid chains attached to one glycerol molecule.
• Fats consist of three fatty acid chains attached to one glycerol molecule through ester bonds.
• Fatty acids contain hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic group at one end.
• Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and fatty acids.
• Fatty acids have long hydrocarbon tails and carboxyl groups at their ends.
• Saturated fatty acids contain only single carbon-to-carbon bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds.
• Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides but have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid chain.
• Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
• Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides but have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid chain.
• The polar head of a phospholipid contains nitrogen-containing groups such as choline, ethanolamine, serine, or inositol.
• Phospholipids have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group on the third carbon atom of glycerol.
• Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.