Section 2

• Large ribosomes are found in prokaryotic organisms and their function is protein synthesis.
• The vacuole is a fluid-filled area in plant cells that provides support and stores sugars and amino acids temporarily.
• Chloroplasts are a double membrane organelle that contain folded membranes called thylakoid membranes, which are highly folded and stack up to form the grana.
• The cell wall is found in plant and fungal cells and is made up of the carbohydrate cellulose or the polysaccharide chitin.
• The plasma membrane is the cell surface membrane found on the outside of all cells and is a phospholipid bilayer with different molecules embedded through it.
• The plasma membrane controls what can enter and exit the cell and that's determined by whether whatever is trying to enter or exit is lipid-soluble and if it's not lipid soluble it can't diffuse through the cell surface membrane.
• The ten organelles that need to be known in detail are the structure and function of each.
• The organelles in a eukaryotic cell include the cell membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, individual ribosomes, centrioles, and mitochondria.
• The cell membrane is the only external layer in animal cells and is the cell surface membrane.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum is represented by the circles on the outside, which are the ribosomes.
• The Golgi apparatus is represented by the slightly curved shape.
• The cytoplasm is represented by the green color.
• The lysosomes are represented by the individual dots.
• The individual ribosomes are represented by the tiny dots.
• The centrioles are not represented in this image.
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is represented by the folded system II.
• The mitochondria are represented by the black dots.
• The vacuole is a new structure in plant cells and is represented by the name on the outside and the structure within the vacuole is the chloroplast.
• The cell wall is the outer layer in plant cells and is not found in animal cells.
• The inner layer in plant cells is the cell surface membrane or plasma membrane, also known as.
• Protein bound with histones is located in the nucleolus, which is the very smallest sphere in the middle of the nucleus.
• The function of the nucleus is the site of DNA replication and transcription, where M RNA is created and contains all of the genetic code for every single cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum consists of the smooth and the rough endoplasmic reticulum, both of which are folded cisternae.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the outside and is where protein synthesis can occur.
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is where synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates can occur and these can be stored as well.
• The Golgi apparatus and the Golgi vesicles are similar in appearance to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and are fold in membranes, making these cisternae.
• The function of the Golgi apparatus is where proteins are processed, packaged, and modified.
• Lysosomes are vesicles or bags of digestive enzymes typically and they contain as many as 50 different enzymes in one of these lysosomes.
• The mitochondria is the first double membrane organelle, with an outer membrane and an inner membrane, and the inner membrane is folded to create a large surface area for one of the stages of respiration.
• The mitochondria is the site of one of the other stages of aerobic respiration, the Christy, and therefore produces a lot of ATP.
• Ribosomes are made of two different molecules, proteins and RNA, and the R stands for ribosomal RNA.
• Ribosomes are made of two different subunits, a smaller subunit and a slightly larger subunit, and different sized ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells.
• Longer wavelengths result in lower resolution, making it difficult to see the inside of organelles in detail and some small organelles cannot be seen at all.
• The specimen must be prepared in a vacuum for the electron microscope, as the electrons would be absorbed by the air and never reach the sample.
• The transmission electron microscope works by transmitting electrons through the specimen, with some electrons being absorbed and some passing through, resulting in different shades of white and black.
• The scanning electron microscope works by scattering and reflecting electrons off the surface of the specimen, creating a 3D image.
• The eyepiece graticule scale and the stage micrometer scale should be lined up next to each other.
• Magnification is a math skill linked to microscopes, with the formula being image size equals actual size times magnification.
• The actual size of cells and organelles is much smaller than their image size, measured in micrometers, and in order to use the magnification formula, both sizes must be in the same unit.
• The number of divisions on the eyepiece graticule scale that fit into one division on the stage micrometer scale is calculated.