A01

• What does the social construction perspective argue about gender identity?

  It is invented by societies, not biological.
• How does society influence individuals experiencing gender dysphoria?

  It forces them to choose between man or woman.
• How is gender dysphoria viewed from the social construction perspective?

  As a social phenomenon, not a pathological condition.
• Who cited the case of individuals with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

  Martha McClintock
• What happens to biological males with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency at puberty?

  Their genitals change due to testosterone increase.
• What term is used for individuals who transition from female to male in Sambia culture?

  Kwolu-aatmwol
• How has the perception of kwolu-aatmwol changed with cultural contact?

  They are now judged as having gender dysphoria.
• What do Ovesey and Person attribute as the cause of gender dysphoria in biological males?

  Extreme separation anxiety before gender identity forms.
• What fantasy does a boy with separation anxiety develop according to Ovesey and Person?

  A symbiotic fusion with his mother.
• What is the consequence of the boy's fantasy in terms of gender identity?

  He adopts a woman's gender identity.
• Who reported that GD biological males showed strong female identification?

  Robert Stoller
• What did Stoller find in interviews with GD biological males?

  They had overly close relationships with mothers.
• What does Stoller's finding suggest about gender identity in GD biological males?

  It indicates conflicted gender identity long-term.