Representation

• What is the definition of representation?

  The portrayal of someone or something
• What does symbolic annihilation refer to?

  Lack of visibility and underrepresentation
• How does 'The Gaze' affect media representation?

  It represents society in stereotypical ways
• What is binary opposition in media?

  Two opposing concepts where one is superior
• What does the term 'The Other' signify?

  A label to exclude a social group
• What is a stereotype?

  A fixed and oversimplified image
• What does under-represented mean?

  Groups not visible in media representation
• What key ideas should be considered when discussing C.A.G.E.D.S representations?

  • Symbolically Annihilated?
  • Stereotyped?
  • ‘Gazed’?
  • Binary Opposed?
  • ‘Othered’?
• What is the social construction of identity in media representation?

  It includes class, age, gender, and sexuality
• What does mediation refer to in media representation?

  The process of selecting and altering content
• Why do media theorists criticize representation processes?

  They argue it negatively affects society
• What is social class defined as?

  A system of social stratification
• What are the common divisions of social class?

  Upper class, middle class, and working class
• How are upper class representations often portrayed positively?

  As relatable families in everyday life
• What evidence suggests upper class representations are becoming negative?

  Recent controversies surrounding the monarchy
• How does advertising reflect middle class dominance?

  Through the portrayal of the 'cereal packet family'
• What does the term 'family diversity' refer to?

  Variety of family types in contemporary society
• How are middle class characters often depicted in media?

  Concerned with declining moral standards
• What is the criticism of the media's focus on the super-rich?

  It diverts attention from the middle class
• How are working class individuals typically represented?

  As symbolically annihilated or stereotyped negatively
• What negative stereotypes are associated with the working class?

  Disinterested, dumb, and troublemakers
• What do Curran and Seaton argue about working class media representation?

  They suggest W/C disinterest in public affairs
• How does Butsch's research portray the working class?

  As figures of fun lacking common sense
• What does Jones argue about the working class community representation?

  It is often idealized and romanticized
• How are working class individuals depicted as 'demons'?

  As undeserving of public sympathy
• What does pluralism suggest about media representation?

  It reflects audience demands for representation
• How are young people represented in media?

  Children positively, youths negatively
• What negative stereotypes are associated with youth representation?

  Rebellious, selfish, and troublemakers
• What do Headliners' findings suggest about children's representation?

  Children are often portrayed positively
• How are teenage boys often described in media?

  Using terms like yobs and thugs
• What initiatives are emerging to improve youth representation?

  Youth-led media summits and events
• What does Cohen's research highlight about youth subcultures?

  Media amplifies and sensationalizes youth behavior
• How are older people typically represented in media?

  Often symbolically annihilated or negatively
• What did Willis find about elderly representation?

  They are often crudely stereotyped
• What positive representations of older people exist?

  Golden ager, mentor, and cheeky
• What does Cuddy and Fiske's research reveal about older people in TV?

  They account for only 1.5% of roles
• What does Age Concern's research indicate about elderly media representation?

  They are symbolically annihilated despite population size
• How are older people represented in advertising?

  Wary of using them to avoid alienating youth
• What does the term 'active-aging' refer to?

  Embracing elderly participation in society
• What gender disparity exists in elderly representation?

  Underrepresentation of middle-aged/older women