Relationship with audience

• What is the focus of media effect models?

  How media affects audience behavior
• What does the Hypodermic Syringe Model suggest about media influence?

  Media has a direct effect on audiences
• When did the Hypodermic Syringe Model emerge?

  Late 1920s and early 1930s
• How does the Hypodermic Syringe Model describe the audience's relationship with media content?

  Homogeneous and passive audience
• What does the term 'disinhibition effect' refer to in media studies?

  Imitation of violence due to media portrayal
• What did Bandura's "Bo-Bo Doll Experiment" demonstrate?

  Children imitate violence shown in media
• What is the main argument of feminist writers regarding media influence?

  Media normalizes extreme sexual conduct
• How do Marxist writers view the media's ideological influence?

  As a form of social control
• What does Habermas argue about the media's role in public opinion?

  It undermines public opinion and collective action
• What does Marcuse suggest about media output?

  It leads to a one-dimensional society
• What does Packard argue about advertising's influence?

  Consumers are persuaded without awareness
• How did Bessinger et al (2004) view media's influence on health?

  Media positively promotes condom use
• What are the criticisms of the Hypodermic Syringe Model?

  It oversimplifies media influence and audience diversity
• What is the Two-Step Flow Model's main premise?

  Media effects are mediated through opinion leaders
• Who developed the Two-Step Flow Model?

  Katz and Lazarsfeld
• What role do 'opinion leaders' play in the Two-Step Flow Model?

  They mediate and filter media content
• What is the criticism of the Two-Step Flow Model regarding audience passivity?

  It still assumes most audiences are passive
• What does Shannon and Weaver's 'noise' refer to in media communication?

  Loss and oversimplification of original messages
• What is the Cultural Effects Model's view on media audiences?

  Audiences are active and engaged
• What does Hall's Encoding and Decoding Model emphasize?

  Media texts are interpreted differently by audiences
• What are the three ways audiences can decode media texts according to Morley?

  Preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings
• What does Klapper's Selective Filter Approach suggest about audience interpretation?

  Audiences filter media based on personal experiences
• What are the three filters in Klapper's approach?

  Selective exposure, perception, and retention
• What does Gerbner's Cultivation Theory suggest?

  Media cultivates perceptions over time
• What is the significance of media effect models?

  They analyze media's influence on behavior
• What does "copycat violence" refer to?

  Imitating violence seen in media
• How does advertising shape consumer behavior?

  It persuades consumers without awareness
• How do social networks affect media interpretation?

  They provide diverse opinions and views
• What is the relationship between media and public opinion?

  Media can undermine public opinion
• What does the Cultural Effects Model imply about societal norms?

  Media influences and reflects societal norms
• How does celebrity culture influence audience behavior?

  It encourages imitation of celebrities
• What is the "drip, drip effect" in media influence?

  Gradual acceptance of dominant viewpoints
• How does media shape health behaviors?

  It promotes awareness of health issues
• What are the criticisms of the Cultural Effects Model?

  It oversimplifies audience engagement
• What is the implication of the Two-Step Flow Model in modern media?

  It highlights the role of opinion leaders
• What does 'polysemic' mean in relation to texts?

  Having multiple meanings or interpretations
• What does Klapper's 'Interpretivist Selective Filter Approach' suggest about media interpretation?

  People use life experiences to interpret media
• What are the three filters Klapper suggests audiences apply to media texts?

  1. Selective Exposure
  2. Selective Perception
  3. Selective Retention
• What is Selective Exposure in Klapper's model?

  Choosing media content aligned with one's worldview
• How does Selective Perception affect audience reactions?

  Audiences react differently based on their worldview