Transgressive Criminology & Human Right Crime

• What is the focus of transgressive criminologists?

  Broader definition of crime causing harm
• How do transgressive criminologists differ from traditional criminologists?

  They consider harm beyond legal definitions
• Which types of crime do transgressive criminologists consider?

  Corporate crime, state crime, and green crime
• Who is a notable post-modern feminist promoting transgressive criminology?

  Carol Smart
• What do Marxists argue about the law?

  The law is made by the ruling class
• How do human rights abuses relate to national laws?

  Many abuses are not illegal in their countries
• What do human rights refer to?

  Legal and moral entitlements for all people
• What document did the United Nations create after World War Two?

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• How many rights are listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

  31 rights
• What is the role of the European Court of Human Rights?

  To legally enforce human rights provisions
• What does the Human Rights Act (1998) provide for individuals in the UK?

  A set of legal rights mirroring European rights
• What is a key issue regarding human rights abuses despite existing guidelines?

  They frequently occur against marginalized groups
• How has the UK been accused of human rights abuses?

  By not allowing prisoners to vote
• What are hate crimes characterized by?

  Discrimination based on certain characteristics
• What legislation seeks to control discriminatory behavior in the UK?

  Equality Act and Incitement to Racial Hatred acts
• How can evidence of a hate crime affect sentencing?

  It can lead to a longer custodial sentence
• What happens when states do not enforce hate crime laws?

  They may breach the universal declaration of human rights