A01

• What does the behaviourist approach state about human behaviour?

  All human behaviour is learned
• What is the aim of behaviour modification programmes?

  To reinforce obedient behaviour and punish disobedience
• How do behaviour modification programmes hope to change behaviour?

  By reinforcing obedience and punishing disobedience
• What is a token economy in behaviour modification?

  • Based on operant conditioning
  • Tokens given for desirable behaviour
  • Tokens can be exchanged for rewards
• What behaviours are considered desirable in a prison token economy?

  Avoiding confrontation and following prison rules
• What happens when a prisoner performs a desirable behaviour in a token economy?

  They receive a token as a reward
• What is the purpose of making behaviours and rewards clear to prisoners?

  To ensure understanding before implementation
• What are tokens considered in a token economy?

  Secondary reinforcers
• Why do tokens have value in a token economy?

  They are associated with a reward
• What can tokens be exchanged for in a prison setting?

  Phone calls, gym time, or food
• How is a target behaviour operationalised in a token economy?

  • Break down into component parts
  • Define measurable and objective units
  • Agree with staff and inmates in advance
• What should staff and prisoners be aware of in a token economy?

  The scoring system and behaviour worth
• How are behaviours regarded in a token economy scoring system?

  Some are more demanding and receive greater rewards
• What is the recommended ratio of reinforcements to punishments in a token economy?

  4:1
• Why is staff training important in a token economy?

  To standardise procedures and reward behaviours consistently
• How long may staff training for a token economy take?

  Several hours over a number of weeks
• What is the goal of training prison staff in a token economy?

  To ensure consistent rewarding of behaviours
• Why is it important for staff to record awarded tokens?

  To assess the progress of individual prisoners