A03

• What is one strength of behaviour modification?

  It has evidence to support it
• What did Tom Hobbs and Michael Holt introduce in 1976?

  A token economy programme
• What was the outcome of Hobbs and Holt's token economy programme?

  Significant difference in positive behaviour
• What did Clinton Field et al. find in 2004 regarding token economy programmes?

  They were generally effective for young people
• What happened to youths who did not respond to the initial token economy programme?

  They were placed on a special programme
• What was the result of the special programme for non-responding youths?

  The results were more positive
• What does the success of token economy systems depend on?

  A consistent approach from prison staff
• What did John Bassett and Edward Blanchard find in 1977 regarding behaviour modification benefits?

  Benefits were lost with inconsistent staff application
• What factors contributed to the loss of benefits in behaviour modification?

  Lack of training and high staff turnover
• What is another strength of behaviour modification?

  It is easy to implement in custody
• Why is behaviour modification appealing in institutions?

  It can be administered easily
• Who can design and implement token economy systems?

  Virtually anyone in any institution
• What is a limitation of behaviour modification?

  It may not affect long-term behaviour
• What did Ronald Blackburn state about behaviour modification in 1993?

  It has little rehabilitative value
• Why might positive changes in behaviour be lost after release?

  Token economy systems are discontinued
• How do cognitive-based treatments differ from behaviour modification?

  They require understanding of offending causes
• What can offenders do with a token economy system?

  Play along to access rewards
• What happens to offenders after the token economy is discontinued?

  They may regress to former behaviour
• What is the effectiveness of token economy systems?

  They can lead to positive behaviour changes
• What role does staff training play in behaviour modification?

  It is crucial for consistent application
• How do behaviour modification and cognitive-based treatments compare?

  Cognitive treatments focus on understanding causes
• What are the implications of high staff turnover on behaviour modification success?

  It can lead to inconsistent application
• What is the nature of rewards in token economy systems?

  They are used to reinforce positive behaviour
• What are the long-term effects of behaviour modification on offenders?

  They may revert to previous behaviours