CONTROL, PUNISHMENT & VICTIMS

• What are the two main measures to control criminal behavior according to sociologists?

  Situational and environmental crime prevention
• What is the focus of positive victimology?

  Victim proneness or precipitation
• How does critical victimology differ from positive victimology?

  It emphasizes structural factors like poverty
• Who argues that certain factors lead to increased victimization?

  Miers
• Why are the homeless considered vulnerable victims of crime?

  Due to their lack of resources and power
• How do middle-class victims contribute to their own victimization?

  By ostentatiously displaying their wealth
• What do Mawby and Walklate suggest about victimization?

  It is a form of structural powerlessness
• What do Tombs and Whyte believe about the concept of a 'victim'?

  It is a social construct influenced by the state
• What is the ideological function of 'failure to label' according to Tombs and Whyte?

  It conceals the true extent of victimization
• What does Clarke believe about Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)?

  It is a pre-emptive approach
• What is the concept of displacement in crime prevention?

  Crime moves to different locations or times
• What is spatial displacement in crime prevention?

  Moving crime to a different location
• What is temporal displacement in crime prevention?

  Changing the time when crime occurs
• What is target displacement in crime prevention?

  Choosing different targets for criminal acts
• What is tactical displacement in crime prevention?

  Using different methods to commit crime
• What is functional displacement in crime prevention?

  Shifting to different types of crime
• What does the Broken Windows thesis by Wilson & Kelling refer to?

  Disorderly neighborhoods lacking social control
• What is zero tolerance policing?

  A crackdown on all forms of disorder
• What was the aim of the Perry Preschool Project?

  To reduce future criminality in disadvantaged children
• What were the results of the Perry Preschool Project?

  Fewer lifetime arrests and more employment
• What is surveillance in the context of crime control?

  Monitoring public behavior for crime control
• What types of surveillance are used today?

  CCTV, biometric scanning, information databases
• What is sovereign power according to Foucault?

  Absolute power over people and their bodies
• How does disciplinary power differ from sovereign power?

  It governs the mind, soul, and body through surveillance
• What is one justification for punishment related to crime prevention?

  Deterrence discourages future offending
• What is rehabilitation in the context of punishment?

  Reforming offenders to prevent future crimes
• What is retribution in the context of punishment?

  Offenders deserve punishment for their actions
• What is the main goal of punishment according to sociologists?

  To prevent future crime