MCAT

• Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of these reactions.
• A centimeter is 8 orders of magnitude greater than an angstrom since 1 cm = 10^-2 m and 1 angstrom = 10^-10.
• Density is expressed in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m^3) SI units, but chem its g/cm^3.
• Just multiply by 1000 g to kg, divide kg to g.
• Water density is 1 g/cm^3 or 1000 kg/m^3.
• Ceramides are located on the inside of cells, with two galactose and a monoglucosylceramide.
• NADH from glycolysis gives fewer ATP from ETC due to the fact that electrons from glycolytic NADH are shuttled to coenzyme Q instead of NADH dehydrogenase.
• Glycogen is stored in skeletal muscle and liver, not glucose.
• The sympathetic nervous system does not activate glycogen synthase or release glucose from skeletal muscle, but does release glucose from liver.
• Gluconeogenesis does in fact occur in the liver.
• AMP, enzyme phosphorylation, and glycogen phosphorylase activity are not affected by diabetes.
• Decrease in liver glycolysis is not expected if glycolysis occurs under highly aerobic conditions.
• Noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibitors impact Vmax, while competitive inhibitors increase Km.
• Km is the substrate concentration needed to reach ½ vmax.
• Competitive inhibitors increase Km because they interfere with the ability of the enzyme to interact with the substrate.
• Pentose phosphate pathway occurs in cytosol and no ATP is formed.
• Ribose-5-phosphate (DNA and RNA) is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway.
• NADPH (anabolic, antioxidant reducer) is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway.
• The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is the final step.
• A cannonball is shot from ground level with an initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 30 degrees to the ground. . Bc. The velocity at the top of its path is 85 m/s and the total flight time will be 10 s.
• Cannonball shot from ground level with initial velocity of 100 m/s at angle of 30 degrees to the ground

  
  

  The cannonball reaches a maximum height of 125 m after 5 s and travels a distance of 850 m horizontally.
• The maximum height of the insect is 2.5 m.
• A rock is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of 10 m/s from the edge of a vertical cliff.
• The rock strikes the ground 5 s later, 125 m below the cliff.
• Freestanding practice questions for chapter 3 include finding the acceleration of a 12 cm object moving at 3/4 speed in 4 s.
• Newton’s second law states that the net force on an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration, represented by the equation Fnet = ma.
• Kinetic friction force magnitude is measured in newtons (N) and the coefficient of static friction is a dimensionless number.
• If a 1 kg block is pushed with a force of 250 N on a frictionless surface, the static friction is 250 N.
• Pushing a 50 kg block exerting a constant force of 300 N with a coefficient of kinetic friction 0.5, the acceleration of the block is 1 m/s^2.
• Pulling a block by rope at a 30 degree angle with tension of 300 N, the acceleration of the block is sin30.
• The force due to gravity acting parallel to a plane is mg sin (delta) and the force due to gravity acting perpendicular to a plane is mg cos (delta).
• A block of mass m placed at the top of a frictionless ramp theta = 30 and 10 m long will accelerate down the ramp at a rate of 10 sin 30 = 5 m/s^2.
• If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and ramp surface is 0.2, the block’s acceleration down the ramp is
• Kinetic friction is not conservative.
• Transported by glycerol phosphate shuttle directly to ubiquinone, bypassing NADH dehydrogenase like FADH2, only 1.5 molecules of ATP from cytosolic NADH rather than 2.5 from matrix NADH.
• Gluconeogenesis occurs when dietary sources of glucose are unavailable and liver depleted glycogen and glucose stores.
• Gluconeogenesis is a 11 step pathway that is glycolysis in reverse, where irreversible reaction enzymes are replaced with hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
• Gluconeogenesis adds CO2 to pyruvate, converting to oxaloacetate, requiring ATP hydrolysis and is run by pyruvate carboxylase.
• Oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), run by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).
• Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase catalyzes the removal of phosphate group from fru-1,6-bisP to form fru-6-P.