respiratory system part 1

• The respiratory system consists of passages that filter incoming air and transport it into the body, into the lungs, and to the many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged.
• Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.
• Respiration consists of the following events: ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, and internal respiration.
• The respiratory system can be conveniently divided into upper and lower parts.
• The upper respiratory system consists of structures in the head: Nose, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses, Pharynx, and Larynx.
• The lower respiratory system consists of structures in the neck and chest: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and lungs.
• Blood vessel is represented as Capillary in the text.
• Alveolus is represented as Alveolus in the text.
• Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by R.G Kessel and R.H Kardon, published by W.H Freeman and Company, is copyrighted and permission is required for reproduction or display.
• The text refers to Bronchiole as Alveolus.
• The upper respiratory organs include Mucous membranes, Nose, Nasal cavity, Para-nasal sinuses, Pharynx, and Larynx.
• The upper respiratory organs function in the filtering, warming, and humidifying of air, and in the production of speech sounds.
• The lower respiratory organs include Trachea, Bronchial tree, Lungs, and Divisions.
• The lower respiratory organs function in the transport of air and in the exchange of gases.
• The conducting zone of the respiratory system consists of airways through which air travels on its way toward tiny air sacs of the lungs.
• Mucus Particle Goblet cell Cilia Nasal cavity Epithelial cell
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
• The pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx
• Frontal sinus
• Hard palate
• Hyoid bone
• Superior (upper) lobe bronchus
• Right primary bronchus
• Middle lobe bronchus
• Inferior (lower) lobe bronchi
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Cartilaginous ring
• Left primary bronchus
• Superior (upper) lobe bronchus
• The air sacs make up the respiratory zone where gas exchanges occur.
• The nose consists of an external, visible part and an internal cavity within the skull.
• The external nose is fitted to an opening in the anterior skull.
• Beneath the skin, the nose is composed of cartilage, bone, and dense fibrous tissue lined by respiratory epithelium.
• At its superior end, the nose is formed of the two nasal bones.
• Structures of the nose and throat form the upper part of the conducting zone.
• The nasal cavity is continuous with the sinuses.
• The trachea extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left bronchi.
• The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles.
• The tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings.