mitosis and meiosis

• What is the first stage of human life?

  A zygote
• What is the name of the first cell formed from the fertilization of a sperm and an egg?

  Zygote
• How does the process of mitosis increase the number of cells in an organism?

  One cell divides into two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
• What is the total number of chromosomes in a human body cell (excluding gametes and red blood cells)?

  46
• Why does the cell need to replicate its DNA before cell division in mitosis?

  To ensure each daughter cell receives the full set of 46 chromosomes
• What is the purpose of mitosis in an organism?

  For growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
• What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis?

  • Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
  • Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells
  • Mitosis has one cell division, meiosis has two cell divisions
  • Mitosis maintains the diploid chromosome number, meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half
• What is the chromosome number in a human gamete (sperm or egg cell)?

  23
• Why do gametes (sperm and egg cells) have a different chromosome number than body cells?

  To maintain the diploid chromosome number of 46 after fertilization
• How does the process of meiosis contribute to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

  Meiosis shuffles the chromosomes, creating genetically unique gametes
• How does the end result of mitosis differ from the end result of meiosis in terms of chromosome number and genetic composition of the daughter cells?

  Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid cells
• If you wanted to observe the detailed surface features of a cell, which type of microscope would you use?

  Scanning electron microscope
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle?

  $A =$$\pi r^2$
• What are the key strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?


  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• What is the first derivative of $x^2$?


  $2x$
• What are the steps of the scientific method?

  1. Ask a question
  2. Do background research
  3. Construct a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis by doing an experiment
  5. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion
  6. Communicate the results
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• Interphase

  Cells rest and prepare for cell division. Chromosomes condense and become visible.
• Metaphase

  Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to microtubules.
• Prophase

  Chromosomes line up in pairs (homologous pairs). Nucleus breaks apart and chromosomes become visible.
• Anaphase

  Microtubules pull sister chromatids apart. Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
• Telophase

  Chromosomes uncoil and nuclear envelopes reform. Two daughter cells are formed.
• Cytokinesis

  Cell divides, resulting in two daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each.