Biological explanations

Cards (25)

  • What biological factors are linked to criminal behavior?
    Brain, nervous systems, genes, and hormones
  • What do genetic explanations suggest about criminality?
    Criminality runs in families
  • What percentage of identical male twins were both criminals in Christensen's study?
    35%
  • What percentage of identical female twins were both criminals in Christensen's study?
    21%
  • What percentage of non-identical male twins were both criminals in Christensen's study?
    13%
  • What percentage of non-identical female twins were both criminals in Christensen's study?
    8%
  • Why might identical twins show higher criminality rates?
    They are often raised similarly
  • What is a strength of Christensen's twin study?
    It has strong scientific evidence and reliability
  • What is a weakness of Christensen's twin study?
    It neglects environmental factors
  • What do adoption studies help to rule out?
    The influence of upbringing on criminality
  • What did Hatchings and Medwick find about adopted children and crime?
    21% had a biological father with a conviction
  • What percentage of adopted children without a convicted biological father committed crimes?
    10%
  • Why is the biological basis for criminality not fully understood?
    Other attributes may explain criminal behavior
  • What theory suggests certain personality traits are linked to criminality?
    Personality theory
  • Who studied personality traits related to criminality?
    Eysenck
  • What does the Eysenck personality questionnaire measure?
    Extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
  • What is the PEN score in Eysenck's theory?
    A score based on personality traits
  • What do high PEN scores indicate about a person's nervous system?
    It has a low arousal level
  • How do unstable neurotics react under stress according to Eysenck?
    They overreact quickly
  • What does a low P score indicate about a person?
    They lack compassion and can be anti-social
  • What do moderate PEN scores suggest?
    They are common among the population
  • How do high PEN scores relate to socialization?
    They make socialization harder
  • Why is punishment less effective for those with high PEN scores?
    They don't associate anti-social behavior with punishment
  • What are the strengths and weaknesses of Eysenck's personality theory?
    Strengths:
    • Research evidence links personality traits to crime
    • Considers biological, psychological, and social factors

    Weaknesses:
    • Assumes personality traits are fixed
    • May overlook environmental influences
    • Relies on self-reported questionnaires
  • What is a major flaw in self-reported questionnaires used in personality studies?
    They can reflect desirable characteristics