Topic 1

• What term describes the smaller units from which larger molecules are made?

  Monomer
• What term describes molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together?

  Polymer
• What are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made?

  Monosaccharides
• What type of molecule is formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides?

  Disaccharide
• What kind of bond holds two monosaccharides together in a disaccharide?

  Glycosidic bond
• What type of molecule is formed by the condensation of many glucose units?

  Polysaccharide

  
• What kind of bonds hold together many glucose units in a polysaccharide?

  Glycosidic bonds

  
• What polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls?

  Cellulose
• What monosaccharide is cellulose formed from?

  $\beta$-glucose
• What polysaccharide is the storage form of glucose in animals?

  Glycogen
• What monosaccharide is glycogen formed from?

  $\alpha$-glucose
• What polysaccharide is the storage form of glucose in plants?

  Starch
• What monosaccharide is starch formed from?

  $\alpha$-glucose
• What two polymers make up starch?

  Amylose and amylopectin

  
• What is the chemical linkage between two sugar molecules called?

  Glycosidic bond
• What type of reaction forms a glycosidic bond?

  Condensation reaction
• What type of bond is a glycosidic bond?

  Covalent bond
• What type of glycosidic bonds join together $\alpha$-glucose in amylose?


  1,4-glycosidic bonds
• What is the shape of amylose?

  Helix
• What types of glycosidic bonds join together $\alpha$-glucose in amylopectin?


  1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds
• What is the structure of amylopectin?

  Branched structure

  
• What type of reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and the elimination of water?

  Condensation reaction
• What type of reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules using water?

  Hydrolysis reaction
• What are long, straight chains of $\beta$-glucose held together by many hydrogen bonds called?


  Fibrils
• What type of bond holds together a triglyceride?

  Ester bonds
• What molecules are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids?

  Triglycerides
• How many ester bonds are present in a triglyceride molecule?

  Three
• What molecules are formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group?

  Phospholipids
• What type of bond holds together a phospholipid?

  Ester bonds
• How many ester bonds are present in a phospholipid molecule?

  Two
• How does a competitive inhibitor prevent enzyme-substrate complexes from forming?

  It binds to the active site

  
• What is the shape of a competitive inhibitor?

  Same shape as the substrate
• What happens to the enzyme active site in the induced-fit model?

  It moulds around the substrate

  
• What does the induced fit model do to the bonds of the substrate?

  Puts tension on bonds
• What is the overall effect of the induced fit model?

  Lowers the activation energy
• How does a non-competitive inhibitor prevent enzyme-substrate complexes from forming?

  It changes the active site shape

  
• Where does a non-competitive inhibitor bind to an enzyme?

  Allosteric site

  
• What is the sequence of amino acids on a polypeptide chain called?

  Primary structure
• What is the folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain called?

  Secondary structure

  
• What two secondary structures are formed during secondary structure folding?

  $\beta$ pleated sheet or $\alpha$ helix