Cell Biology and Genetics

• What is the definition of genotype?

  Genetic code
• What is the definition of phenotype?

  Physical traits
• How is genotype inherited?

  Passed down from parents
• How can phenotype be influenced?

  May be influenced by environment
• What analogy is used to describe the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

  Blueprint (genotype) leads to a finished house (phenotype)
• What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

  • Genotype is the genetic code.
  • Phenotype is the physical expression.
  • Genotype influences phenotype.
  • Environment can also affect phenotype.
• How does sexual reproduction differ from asexual reproduction?

  It involves two parents mixing genetic material
• What type of reproduction creates genetically identical offspring?

  Asexual reproduction
• What happens during binary fission in bacteria?

  Bacteria split into two identical cells
• How do humans reproduce sexually?

  Through the fusion of sperm and egg
• What is an "allele"?

  A variant form of a gene
• What is the relationship between the number of parents and genetic diversity in reproduction types?

  More parents lead to higher genetic diversity
• What is the process of asexual reproduction in bacteria called?

  Binary fission
• What are the key differences between genotype and phenotype?

  • Genotype: Genetic constitution, specific genes/alleles.
  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics, influenced by genotype and environment.
  • Factors: Genotype inherited; phenotype results from interactions.
  • Examples: Genotype includes DNA sequences; phenotype includes traits like eye color.
• How does genotype influence phenotype?

  Genotype determines physical traits and functions
• What is the definition of reproduction?

  The process of creating new individuals
• What is vegetative propagation?

  New plants grow from parts of the parent plant
• What is the role of gametes in sexual reproduction?

  They fuse to form a zygote
• What does a phenotype represent in pea plants?

  The actual color of the seeds
• How does genetic variation differ between asexual and sexual reproduction?

  Asexual has low variation; sexual has high variation
• What is a characteristic of asexual reproduction?

  Involves a single parent
• What are homologous chromosomes?

  Pairs of chromosomes with the same structure
• What is a characteristic of sexual reproduction?

  Involves two parents
• What is the process of meiosis?

  Cell division producing haploid gametes from diploid cells
• How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

  46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
• What is the ploidy of gametes?

  Haploid (n), one copy of each chromosome
• How is phenotype determined?

  By genotype and environmental factors
• What are the key differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?

  • Asexual Reproduction:
  • One parent, low genetic variation.
  • Processes: Binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation.
  • Sexual Reproduction:
  • Two parents, high genetic variation.
  • Involves fusion of gametes to form a zygote.
• What is the ploidy of somatic cells?

  Diploid (2n), two copies of each chromosome
• What are sister chromatids?

  Identical copies formed during DNA replication
• What are the key differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?

  • Asexual:
  • One parent
  • Genetically identical offspring
  • Low diversity
  • Sexual:
  • Two parents
  • Genetically mixed offspring
  • High diversity
• What do homologous chromosomes inherit from parents?

  One chromosome from each parent
• How many rounds of division occur in meiosis?

  Two rounds of division
• What are the key trophic levels in an ecosystem?

  • Producers (autotrophs): Produce own food via photosynthesis.
  • Consumers (heterotrophs): Obtain energy by consuming others.
  • Primary consumers: Herbivores (e.g., deer).
  • Secondary consumers: Carnivores/omnivores (e.g., snakes).
  • Tertiary consumers: Carnivores (e.g., eagles).
  • Decomposers: Break down dead matter, recycle nutrients.
• What is photosynthesis?

  Process by which producers create food using sunlight
• What is a food chain?

  A linear sequence of energy flow in an ecosystem
• What are the two main types of reproduction?

  • Asexual Reproduction:
  • One parent, genetically identical clones.
  • Examples: Binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation.
  • Sexual Reproduction:
  • Two parents, genetically different offspring.
  • Involves fusion of gametes to form a zygote.
• What is the flow of energy in a food chain?

  From producers to consumers to decomposers
• What do decomposers do in an ecosystem?

  Break down dead plants and animals
• How do food chains and food webs differ?

  • Food Chains: Simple, linear pathways of energy flow.
  • Food Webs: Complex, interconnected networks of feeding relationships.
  • Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers.