Photosynthesis C+B

• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
• non-cyclic photosynthesis uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH to create glucose
• photophosphorylation is when the light energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
• photosynthesis --> +686 kcal
• photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll tissue where a lot of the chloroplasts are
• stomata are tiny openings along the leaves especially that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave
• the light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen
• The dark/light independent reactions depend on the chemical energy created during the light cycle and occurs in the stroma. ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate carbon dioxide into an organic molecule
• the electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range on electromagnetic energy/radiation, whereas the light we see is on the visible light spectrum (380-740 nm)
• photons are particles that carry the energy of light and are fast moving
• shorter wavelengths have more energy whereas longer wavelengths have less energy
• The two fates of photons are that it may bounce off the object or pass through, producing no change in the molecule; the other is when the photon is absorbed and the molecule that absorbed it is raised from a ground state to an excited state of energy
• the two forms of excitation that the de-localized electron in a pigment releases are heat or light
• if the de-localized electron cannot release the energy as heat or light, the electron is donated and the pigment becomes oxidized. The electron goes to the primary electron acceptor, making that specific chlorophyll/pigment the reaction center
• the wavelength that a pigment can absorb is dependent on the amount of energy that is required to boost the electron to a higher orbital (will have more energy)
• the difference between the pigments and the primary electron acceptor are that the pigments have magnesium while the PEA lacks magnesium
• the reaction center is the start of the oxidation process
• the absorption spectrum measures the wavelength that gives the maximum efficiency of absorption
• the action spectrum measures the wavelength that promotes thee most effective photosynthetic output, measured by the release of oxygen or carbohydrate output
• chlorophyll a has a methyl group in the porphyrin head and absorbs light best at the wavelengths of far red and far blue
• chlorophyll b has an aldehyde group in the porphyrin head and absorbs light best at the wavelengths of true red and true blue
• pigments has a porphyrin head and a hydrocarbon tail that connects the pigment to the membrane
• NADP+ is a co-enzyme that has an additional phosphate attached the the second carbon in adenosine
• one direct way to creat a proton gradient is through the cytochrome b6-f pump
• another direct way to create a proton gradient is through the splitting of water in the thylakoid lumen
• an indirect way to create a proton gradient is through NADP+ reductase, which uses the H+ ions in the stroma
• the z-scheme: the electron that leaves photosystem 1 has more energy than the one that leaves photosystem 2 because photosystem 1 has the electron come in with residual energy