hormonal

• high BGL:

  .1. B cells detect rise in BGL and release insulin

  .2. insulin travels in the blood stream to liver and body cells

  effects:

  1. increase in respiration as more cells have glucose
  2. increase glucose uptake
• low BGL:

  .1. alpha cells detect low BGL and release glucagon

  .2. this travels in the circulatory system to target liver cells

  affects:

  1. decrease glucose uptake in cells
• diabetes:

  Type 1:

  What? - B cells don't produce insulin

  Why? unknown, autoimmune disease where body attacks B cells

  Treatment: insulin injections

  Type 2:

  What? body doesn't respond to insulin

  Why? risk factors - obesity, high carb diet, lack of exercise OR insulin receptors on cells malfunction, so insulin is not detected so cells can't respond

  Treatment: exercise more, decrease in carbs
• potential treatments for diabetes:

  using GM bacteria to make human insulin

  • previously used cow/pig insulin

  Limitations:

  • allergy risk
  • religious and ethical problems
  • expensive to raise aniamls

  Strengths:

  • insulin is more pure, decreases the risk of an allergy
  • no religious or ethical reasons as its not an animal product
  • increase in yield can produce well in correct conditions
• current treatment for Type 1 diabetes:

  .1. pancreas transplant

  limitations:

  • low avalablity
  • possible rejection due to foreign antigens

  .2. injection of B cells

  • could lead rejection therefore immunosuppresents needed
• action of adrenaline:


  adrenaline is a primary messenger, a peptide hormone so cannot pass through membrane

  1. Adrenaline binds to a receptor on the membrane of an intrinsic protein called aceylcyclase (inactive). This changes the shape of acetyl making it active
  2. active acetyl converts ATP into cyclic AMP which binds to kinase (inactive). This changes the shape making it active.
  3. Active kinase phosphates another enzyme, making it active
  4. this caries on until its reaches the end of the chain
  5. the final enzyme in the chain converts glycogen into glucose