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Infection science
Virus
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Maggie
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Cards (86)
What are three modes of viral infection mentioned?
Across
mucosa
,
broken skin
, bites
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What does a virus use to replicate?
Cell machinery
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What process leads to numerous mutations in new virions?
Replication
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How do viruses infect target cells?
Binding to specific
cell-surface receptors
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Which areas does the Influenza virus infect?
Upper respiratory tract
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What was the death toll of the influenza pandemic in 1918-1919?
20-50 M
people
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What type of virus is influenza?
Enveloped
RNA virus
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How many single-strand RNAs (ssRNA) does the influenza virus have?
8
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How many proteins do the 8 single-strand RNAs (ssRNA) of the influenza virus produce?
10
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What molecule does Hemagglutinin (HA) bind to?
Cell surface
sialic acid
(
SA
) groups
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What is the role of Neuraminidase (NA)?
Facilitate budding by cleaving
N-acetylneuraminic acid
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What is the main capsid protein of the influenza virus?
M1
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What is the function of the M2 protein in influenza?
Ion channel
important in unpacking
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What are the three basic types of influenza viruses classified by?
Nucleoprotein
and
matrix proteins
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Which type of influenza is most common and causes major pandemics?
Type A
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Which influenza types infect humans and seals?
Type B
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Which influenza type causes mild illness?
Type C
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What causes the subtypes of type A influenza virus?
Variations in
HA
and
NA
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How many different HA subtypes are there?
13
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How many different NA subtypes are there?
9
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What influenza strain is known as swine flu?
H1N1
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What influenza strain is known as bird flu?
H5N1
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What is the first immune response after breach of protective barriers?
Natural IgM
+
complement
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What kind of antibodies are present in the first infection?
NO
virus-specific
antibodies
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How does the humoral response neutralize/lyse a virus?
Virus neutralisation / lysis
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What is the function of natural IgM antibodies?
Recognize markers on
apoptotic
cells
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What do natural IgM antibodies enhance?
Phagocytic clearance
of dead cells
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What do natural IgM antibodies recognize?
A wide range of
viral antigens
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What is the role of Natural IgM antibodies?
Protect against a variety of
pathogens
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What do initial immune responses limit?
Initial
viral
dissemination
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What type of cell causes cytotoxicity in initial immune responses?
NK
and
Tc
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What cells activate T cells?
Antigen-presenting
cells
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What two interactions does the entry of a virus into a host cell depend on?
Adhesion molecules
and
entry receptors
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What two molecules are expressed by infected cells?
Type I
IFNs
and
IL-12
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What is the effect of type I IFNs expression in infected cells?
Inhibition of
protein synthesis
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What receptor do IFN-α and –β bind?
IFN α/β receptor
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What is the effect of IFN-α and –β binding to IFN α/β receptor?
Increased expression of
specific genes
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What enzyme degrades viral RNA?
RNAse L
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What is stimulated by IFN types I + IL-12?
NK cells
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What is the result of NK cell stimulation?
Apoptosis
of infected cell
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