Industrial medicine

• What belief about disease causes was prevalent at the start of this period?

  Miasma theory
• What theory replaced miasma by the end of the period?

  Germ theory
• What did microscopes allow scientists to see by the early 1800s?

  Microbes or bacteria
• What are the two theories regarding the existence of germs?

  Germ theory and spontaneous generation
• Who was a prominent supporter of spontaneous generation in the 1880s?

  Henry Bastian
• What significant contribution did Florence Nightingale make to hospitals?

  Improved hospital design and hygiene
• What was the death rate decline overseen by Nightingale in Scutari?

  From 42% to 2%
• What did Mary Seacole do during the Crimean War?

  Founded the British hotel and cared for soldiers
• How did Nightingale's connections help her impact nursing?

  She secured funding and support for her initiatives
• Who is credited with the introduction of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic?

  Humphrey Davy
• What was a limitation of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic?

  It did not keep patients still
• Who introduced ether as an anesthetic in 1846?

  Robert Liston
• What was a drawback of using ether as an anesthetic?

  It irritated the throat and was flammable
• Who is known for the introduction of chloroform as an anesthetic?

  James Simpson
• What was a significant opposition to the use of anesthetics?

  Some believed pain was a divine punishment
• What event in 1853 helped popularize chloroform?

  Queen Victoria used it for childbirth
• What was the death rate during surgery before anesthetics?

  About 40%
• Why did death rates spike after anesthetics were introduced?

  Surgeons performed more invasive procedures
• Who developed antiseptic surgery?

  Joseph Lister
• What substance did Lister use to kill germs in surgery?

  Carbolic acid
• What was the improvement in life expectancy after Lister's antiseptic methods?

  Two-thirds improvement
• What journal did Lister publish his findings in?

  British Medical Journal (BMJ)
• What invention did Wilhelm Röntgen create in 1895?

  X-rays
• What was a significant public health measure introduced in 1875?

  Public Health Act
• Who surveyed London and recommended the Public Health Act?

  Edwin Chadwick
• What is inoculation similar to?

  Vaccination
• Who brought the idea of inoculation from Turkey?

  Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
• What was Edward Jenner's significant contribution to vaccination?

  He used cowpox to prevent smallpox
• What was the risk associated with inoculation?

  Some patients could die from the disease
• What did Jenner observe about milkmaids?

  They did not develop smallpox
• What are the key advancements in treatments during this period?

  • Introduction of anesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform)
  • Development of antiseptic surgery by Joseph Lister
  • Improved hospital care by Florence Nightingale
• What are the key individuals in medicine from 1700 to 1900?

  • Florence Nightingale
  • Mary Seacole
  • Robert Liston
  • James Simpson
  • Joseph Lister
  • Edward Jenner
  • John Snow
  • Edwin Chadwick
• What are the key concepts related to disease during this period?

  • Miasma theory
  • Germ theory
  • Spontaneous generation
  • Inoculation and vaccination
• What are the key public health measures introduced during this period?

  • Public Health Act of 1875
  • Efforts to combat cholera by John Snow
• What do antibodies do when exposed to a disease?

  Fight the disease upon re-exposure
• What was the purpose of inoculation in Turkey?

  To create immunity against diseases
• What was the risk associated with inoculation parties in Turkey?

  Some people died from excessive disease exposure
• Who discovered a better way of inoculating people?

  Edward Jenner
• What disease did Edward Jenner use for his experiments?

  Cowpox
• What observation led Jenner to experiment with cowpox?

  Milkmaids did not develop smallpox