cell biology

• label the parts on the animal cell:

  a: nucleus

  b: cell membrane

  c: mitochondria

  d: cytoplasm

  e: ribosomes

  
• what are the two eukaryotic cells?


  animal and plant
• what characterises a eukaryotic cell?


  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus
• what is an example of a prokaryotic cell?


  bacteria cells
• what characterises prokaryotic cells?

  1. much smaller in comparison to eukaryotic
  2. have a cytoplasm and cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall
  3. genetic material is free to move and not enclosed in a nucleus
• nucleus


  contains genetic information and controls cell's activities
• cell membrane


  controls what can enter and leave the cell
• cytoplasm


  where most chemical reactions take place
• ribosomes


  where protein synthesis takes place
• mitochondria


  where aerobic respiration takes place
• chloroplast


  where photosynthesis occurs
• what do most animal cells have in them?

  • mitochondria
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
• what are two differences between animal and plant cells?


  1. animal cells do not have a vacuole
  2. plant cells have a cell wall
• what organelles do plant cells have that an animal cell does not?

  • vacuole
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast and chlorophyll
• what does the cell wall do?

  keeps the structure of the plant cell rigid
• what does the vacuole do?

  storage for things like water and mineral ions
• what is an example of a specialised animal cell?

  • sperm and egg cells
  • nerve cell
  • muscle cells
• what is an example of a specialised plant cell?

  • root hair cell
  • xylem
  • phloem
• how is the sperm cell adapted for its function?

  1. has a long tail to allow it to swim
  2. lots of mitochondria in the middle section to provide energy to the tail
  3. large nucleus which contains genetic information to be passed on
• what is the function of a sperm cell?

  to swim to and fertilise an egg cell
• how is a nerve cell adapted for its function?

  1. axon is long so it's easier to communicate over longer distances
  2. dendrites allow connections with many other neurones
  3. nerve endings contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy to make transmitter chemicals
• what is the function of a nerve cell?


  to transmit messages from one part of the body to another
• how are muscle cells adapted for its function?

  1. contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed
  2. can store glycogen which can be used in respiration to transfer the energy needed
• what is the function of a muscle cell?

  to generate movement
• how are root hair cells adapted for its function?

  1. large surface area to allow more water to move into the cell
  2. large permanent vacuole speeds up movement of water by osmosis
• what is the function of a root hair cell?

  absorb minerals and nutrients from the soil