Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are polymers made of monosaccharide monomers
• Carbohydrates play an important role in energy, contribute to cell structure, and are involved with cell recognition and identity
• Bonds are built between monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis
• All carbohydrates are hydrophilic
• All carbohydrates have a carbonyl located on the end or in the middle
• Ketones are carbohydrates with the carbonyl in the middle which forms a ketose sugar
• Aldehydes are carbohydrates with the carbonyl on the end, which forms an aldose sugar
• Sugars are named based on the amount of carbons present
• Sugars can stay linear or form a ring
• The carbonyl bond needs to be broken to close the ring
• Polysaccharides are multiple monosaccharides bonded together
• Reactions occur between the two hydroxyl groups
• Starches are used for energy storage in plant cells
• Glycogen is used for short term energy storage in animal cells
• Cellulose is used for structure in plant cells
• Chitin is used for structure in animal exoskeletons
• Peptidoglycan is used for structure in bacterial cell walls
• Glycoprotein is a carbohydrate attached to a protein
• Glycolipid is a carbohydrate attached to a lipid
• Ways to identify differences in monosaccharides: location of carbonyl group, number of carbon atoms, spatial arrangement of atoms, and linear/alternative ring forms
• Carbohydrates are used for short term energy storage and identifying self vs others