Improving the Accuracy of EWT

• What factors often cause eyewitness testimony (EWT) to be inaccurate?

  Anxiety, misleading information, leading questions, post-event discussion
• According to Fisher, what was a problem with standard police interviews?

  Quick, direct, and closed questions
• According to Fisher, what was another problem with standard police interviews?

  Random order of questioning
• According to Fisher, what was a final problem with standard police interviews?

  Interruptions
• According to Fisher, why were standard police interviews bad?

  They hinder accurate recall
• Who developed the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

  Fisher and Geiselman
• What is the primary goal of the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

  To improve recall
• What are the four techniques used in the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

  • Report Everything
  • Context Reinstatement
  • Recall from a Changed Perspective
  • Reverse the Order
• Why should witnesses recall all details, even irrelevant ones, in the "Report Everything" technique?

  They may trigger other memories
• What two types of state should be mentally recreated in "Context Reinstatement"?

  Physical and emotional
• What type of forgetting does "Context Reinstatement" help with?

  Cue-dependent forgetting
• What is the purpose of recalling an event from another person’s viewpoint in the Cognitive Interview?

  Reducing schema bias
• Why are events recalled in different orders in the "Reverse the Order" technique?

  To prevent expectations from distorting memory
• What does ECI stand for?

  Enhanced Cognitive Interview
• How does the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) improve upon the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

  By building rapport and reducing anxiety
• What are some key features of the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI)?

  • Minimizing distractions
  • Letting the witness control the flow of information
  • Using open-ended questions
  • Encouraging witnesses to say "I don’t know" rather than guessing
• In Fisher et al.'s study, how much more information did CI-trained detectives obtain compared to standard interview (SI) detectives?

  47% more
• Which two CI techniques did Milne & Bull find to produce the most recall?

  Context Reinstatement and Report Everything
• What did Milne & Bull's finding demonstrate about the CI techniques?

  The cumulative effect of CI
• According to Kohnken's meta-analysis, how did CI affect the amount of correct information recalled?

  CI increased correct recall
• According to Kohnken's meta-analysis, how did CI affect the amount of incorrect information recalled?

  CI increased incorrect information
• According to Kohnken's meta-analysis, what was the accuracy rate in CI compared to SI?

  85% vs. 82%
• What is a practical disadvantage of using the Cognitive Interview?

  It is time-consuming
• Why might the time-consuming nature of CI be impractical?

  Requires training and more time
• In what area of investigation does CI have limited usefulness?

  Suspect recognition
• Despite requiring more resources, what is a potential benefit of using CI in the long run?

  May ultimately reduce crime