Biology Grade 11

• Nucleolus - site of ribosome synthesis
• Life is highly organized, from atoms to organisms.
• Life responds to stimuli.
• Life has a strong homeostatic quality, maintaining a "steady state".
• Life respires, converting nutrients into energy.
• The invention of the lens led to the discovery of cells.
• Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork with a microscope and described what he observed as "little boxes" (cells).
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek is known for his contributions to microbiology and the invention of the microscope.
• Microscope magnification refers to the microscope’s power to increase an object's apparent size.
• Microscope resolution refers to the microscope’s power to show detail clearly.
• The Golgi apparatus is stacked flat pancakes and its function is to receive proteins from the rER and distribute them to other organelles or out of the cell.
• Mitochondria convert energy stored in food into usable energy for work.
• the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes within single membranes and their function is to break down food particles, invading objects, or worn out the cell parts.
• Suicide sac is a membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus and prevents the cell from shrinking.
• Cilia and Flagella are hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of some animal cells.
• Centrioles are only in animal cells and are composed of nine sets of triplet.
• Cells are living things that need nutrients and need to get rid of waste.
• Passive transport is when molecules move along the concentration gradient- differences in concentration, pressure, charge.
• Active transport is when molecules move to equalize gradient- high moves to low.
• Passive transport includes diffusion and osmosis.
• Facilitated diffusion is when molecules move across a differentially permeable membrane with the help of channels.
• Channels are usually made of transport proteins.
• Active transport includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
• Endocytosis is the active movement of particles into the cell.
• Exocytosis is the active movement of particles out of the cell.
• Ribosomes are the sites where proteins are made.