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Cards (39)
What is the chemical formula for toluene?
C7H8
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What is the role of chromium oxide (CrO3) in the conversion of toluene?
It converts toluene to benzaldehyde
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What is the reagent used alongside CrO3 to convert toluene to benzaldehyde?
Acetic anhydride
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What is the process of side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis in toluene conversion?
Halogenation
of toluene produces
benzal chloride
Hydrolysis of benzal chloride yields
benzaldehyde
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What is the Gatterman-Koch reaction used for?
To produce
benzaldehyde
from
benzene
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What are ketones defined as?
Organic compounds with
carbonyl
group
attached
to two groups
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What is the general structure of a ketone?
R
-C(=O)-R'
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How can ketones be prepared from alcohols?
Oxidation
of
secondary alcohols
Dehydrogenation
of secondary alcohols
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What oxidizing agents can be used to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones?
K2Cr2O7
,
KMnO4
,
CrO3
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What happens when secondary alcohol vapors are passed over heated copper?
Dehydrogenation
occurs, forming a
ketone
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What is the result of the hydration of alkynes with HgSO4?
Formation of
ketones
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What is the role of Grignard reagent in ketone preparation from nitriles?
It reacts with
nitriles
to form
ketones
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What is the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction used for?
Benzene or substituted
benzene
reacts with
acid chloride
Forms ketones in presence of
anhydrous aluminium chloride
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What is ozonolysis of alkenes used for in the preparation of aldehydes and ketones?
Alkenes react with ozone to form
ozonides
Ozonides are reduced to aldehydes or ketones
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Which is generally more reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions: aldehydes or ketones?
Aldehydes
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Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?
Due to less
steric hindrance
and
positive charge
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How does the electronic effect influence the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones?
More
alkyl groups
reduce positive charge in ketones
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What are the nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones?
Addition of
hydrogen cyanide
(HCN)
Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite (NaHSO3)
Addition of Grignard reagent (RMgX)
Addition of alcohols
Addition of
ammonia
and its derivatives
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What is formed when aldehydes react with hydrogen cyanide (HCN)?
Cyanohydrins
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What is the product of the addition of sodium hydrogensulphite to carbonyl compounds?
Bisulphite addition compound
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What is the result of adding Grignard reagent to aldehydes or ketones?
Formation of alcohols
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What happens when aldehydes react with monohydric alcohols in presence of dry HCl?
Aldehydes form
hemiacetals
Hemiacetals can further react to form acetals
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Do ketones react with monohydric alcohols?
No
,
they do not
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What cyclic products do ketones form when reacting with ethylene glycol?
Ethylene glycol
ketals
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What are the reduction methods for aldehydes and ketones?
Catalytic hydrogenation
to form alcohols
Clemmensen reduction
to form hydrocarbons
Wolff-Kishner reduction
to form hydrocarbons
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What is the product of catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes?
Primary alcohols
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What is the Clemmensen reduction used for?
To reduce
carbonyl groups
to
CH3
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What is the Wolff-Kishner reduction process?
Reduction of
carbonyl
groups using
hydrazine
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How are aldehydes oxidized?
Aldehydes oxidized to acids by mild
oxidizing
agents
Ketones
oxidized under drastic conditions
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What is the result of the oxidation of aldehydes?
Formation of
carboxylic acids
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What happens to ketones under drastic oxidation conditions?
They are oxidized to
carboxylic acids
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What is Popoff's rule in the oxidation of unsymmetrical ketones?
Keto group stays with smaller
alkyl
group
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What is the haloform reaction?
Oxidation of
methyl ketones
to
carboxylic acids
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What reactions occur due to α-hydrogen in aldehydes and ketones?
Aldol condensation
forms
β-hydroxy
aldehydes or ketones
Cross aldol condensation
forms a mixture of products
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What is formed during aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones?
β-hydroxy
aldehydes or ketones
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What is cross aldol condensation?
Condensation between different
aldehydes
and
ketones
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What is the outcome of cross aldol condensation if both reactants have α-hydrogens?
A mixture of
four products
is formed
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Drastic Oxidation Conditions
High
concentrations
of
oxidizing agents
, high temperatures, or
strong oxidizers
that can lead to the breakdown of chemical bonds.
Carboxylic Acids
A type of
organic compound
with a specific structure: R-COOH, where R is an
alkyl
or
aryl group
, formed from the oxidation of
ketones
.