12CHEM

    Cards (39)

    • What is the chemical formula for toluene?
      C7H8
    • What is the role of chromium oxide (CrO3) in the conversion of toluene?
      It converts toluene to benzaldehyde
    • What is the reagent used alongside CrO3 to convert toluene to benzaldehyde?
      Acetic anhydride
    • What is the process of side chain chlorination followed by hydrolysis in toluene conversion?
      • Halogenation of toluene produces benzal chloride
      • Hydrolysis of benzal chloride yields benzaldehyde
    • What is the Gatterman-Koch reaction used for?
      To produce benzaldehyde from benzene
    • What are ketones defined as?
      Organic compounds with carbonyl group attached to two groups
    • What is the general structure of a ketone?
      R-C(=O)-R'
    • How can ketones be prepared from alcohols?
      • Oxidation of secondary alcohols
      • Dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols
    • What oxidizing agents can be used to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones?
      K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, CrO3
    • What happens when secondary alcohol vapors are passed over heated copper?
      Dehydrogenation occurs, forming a ketone
    • What is the result of the hydration of alkynes with HgSO4?
      Formation of ketones
    • What is the role of Grignard reagent in ketone preparation from nitriles?
      It reacts with nitriles to form ketones
    • What is the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction used for?
      • Benzene or substituted benzene reacts with acid chloride
      • Forms ketones in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride
    • What is ozonolysis of alkenes used for in the preparation of aldehydes and ketones?
      • Alkenes react with ozone to form ozonides
      • Ozonides are reduced to aldehydes or ketones
    • Which is generally more reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions: aldehydes or ketones?
      Aldehydes
    • Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?
      Due to less steric hindrance and positive charge
    • How does the electronic effect influence the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones?
      More alkyl groups reduce positive charge in ketones
    • What are the nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones?
      • Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
      • Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite (NaHSO3)
      • Addition of Grignard reagent (RMgX)
      • Addition of alcohols
      • Addition of ammonia and its derivatives
    • What is formed when aldehydes react with hydrogen cyanide (HCN)?
      Cyanohydrins
    • What is the product of the addition of sodium hydrogensulphite to carbonyl compounds?
      Bisulphite addition compound
    • What is the result of adding Grignard reagent to aldehydes or ketones?
      Formation of alcohols
    • What happens when aldehydes react with monohydric alcohols in presence of dry HCl?
      • Aldehydes form hemiacetals
      • Hemiacetals can further react to form acetals
    • Do ketones react with monohydric alcohols?
      No, they do not
    • What cyclic products do ketones form when reacting with ethylene glycol?
      Ethylene glycol ketals
    • What are the reduction methods for aldehydes and ketones?
      • Catalytic hydrogenation to form alcohols
      • Clemmensen reduction to form hydrocarbons
      • Wolff-Kishner reduction to form hydrocarbons
    • What is the product of catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes?
      Primary alcohols
    • What is the Clemmensen reduction used for?
      To reduce carbonyl groups to CH3
    • What is the Wolff-Kishner reduction process?
      Reduction of carbonyl groups using hydrazine
    • How are aldehydes oxidized?
      • Aldehydes oxidized to acids by mild oxidizing agents
      • Ketones oxidized under drastic conditions
    • What is the result of the oxidation of aldehydes?
      Formation of carboxylic acids
    • What happens to ketones under drastic oxidation conditions?
      They are oxidized to carboxylic acids
    • What is Popoff's rule in the oxidation of unsymmetrical ketones?
      Keto group stays with smaller alkyl group
    • What is the haloform reaction?
      Oxidation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids
    • What reactions occur due to α-hydrogen in aldehydes and ketones?
      • Aldol condensation forms β-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones
      • Cross aldol condensation forms a mixture of products
    • What is formed during aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones?
      β-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones
    • What is cross aldol condensation?
      Condensation between different aldehydes and ketones
    • What is the outcome of cross aldol condensation if both reactants have α-hydrogens?
      A mixture of four products is formed
    • Drastic Oxidation Conditions
      High concentrations of oxidizing agents, high temperatures, or strong oxidizers that can lead to the breakdown of chemical bonds.
    • Carboxylic Acids
      A type of organic compound with a specific structure: R-COOH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group, formed from the oxidation of ketones.