Fundamental Biology

• Movement- action causing a change of position or place
• Respiration- the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy
• Sensitivity- the ability to detect or sense changes in the enviorment and to make responses
• Nutrition- taking in and using food
• Excretion- Removal from organisms of toxic materials
• Reproduction- The processes that make more of the same kind of organism- producing offspring
• Growth- A permanent increase in size or dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
• Levels of organisms: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
• cell membrane- controls which substances can enter and leave the cell
• cytoplasm- location of many chemical reactions
• Mitochondria- location where aerobic respiration occurs and most of the cell's ATP is produced
• Ribosomes - location where amino acids are connected together to produce protein
• Plasmids- contains genes that help cells to function
• Nucleus- controls activities of cell
• Cell wall - supports and strengths cell
• Chloroplasts- location where photosynthesis occurs and sugar is produced
• Vacuole- water storage and maintenance of turgor within the cell
• Eukaryotes include Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals.
• Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals can be either single-celled or multicellular, with tissues and organs.
• The cell size of Eukaryotes is large, ranging from 10-100 microns.
• Fungi and plants have cell walls, while animals have none.
• Eukaryotes have many different organelles with specialised functions, mostly involved in aerobic metabolism.
• Eukaryotes have complex chromosomes, usually in pairs, and each chromosome has a single double strand DNA molecule.
• Eukaryotes divide by mitosis and meiosis, using a spindle followed by cytokinesis.
• Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with a cell size of 1-10 microns, almost all of which have cell walls (murein), and usually no organelles.
• Prokaryotes can be anaerobic or aerobic, and their metabolism is either cliverse or single-circular, double-stranded DNA.
• Prokaryotes divide mostly by binary fission, but some species also use budding.
• Aerobic respiration: when the body is able to supply the cells with the oxygen and glucose that they need
• Aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 + 602 → 6CO2+ 6H2O
• Anaerobic respiration: Glucose →lactic acid + energy
• Anaerobic respiration: C6H12O6 —> 2C3H6Ọ3
• Anaerobic respiration is used in yeast when it runs out of oxygen-continues to survive
• Anaerobic respiration: C6H12O6 -> 2CO2+2C2H5OH
• Liquid paraffin is used in yeast to act as a barrier so no aerobic respiration could occur
• During yogurt production, these bacteria (Lactobacillus) produce lactic acid which decreases the PH and causes milk protein to coagulate
• Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement
• Osmosis: The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane
• Active transport: The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against the concentration gradient so it requires energy/effort
• Surface area: The greater the surface area the faster the rate of diffusion
• Distance: The smaller the distance, the faster the rate of diffusion