Aggression

• What are the biological explanations for aggression related to hormonal factors?


  Abnormal hormonal factors like testosterone
• Which brain structures are identified as emotional centers related to aggression?

  Limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus
• What role does the orbital frontal cortex play in aggression?

  It regulates aggression from the limbic system
• What does the serotonin deficiency hypothesis suggest?

  Lower serotonin levels lead to less self-control
• How much higher is testosterone in males compared to females?

  Eight times higher
• What effect does higher testosterone have on the orbital frontal cortex?

  It may lower its activity
• What was observed when electrically stimulating a cat's hypothalamus?

  Aggressive behavior was caused
• What happened when a tumor was removed from a girl's amygdala?

  Excessive aggressive behavior reduced
• What was the result of participants given low amounts of tryptophan?

  High aggression was observed
• What happened to aggression in castrated male mice?

  Aggression decreased
• What does biological reductionism minimize?

  Complex explanations like social learning theory
• What is biological determinism?

  Biology dictates behavior and destiny
• What is the concordance rate in genetics?

  Rate of similarity in related groups
• What gene variant is linked with aggression?

  The short variant of the MAOA gene
• What environmental effect is necessary for the MAOA gene to express aggression?

  Child abuse must be present
• What does the XYY gene variant create?

  Super males with high aggression
• What did Coraco find in 1997 regarding twins and aggression?

  Genetic differences accounted for aggression differences
• What percentage of Danish adoptees with a non-criminal biological father were criminals?

  10.5%
• What did Bruno find in 1993 about impulsive aggressive males?

  They had low activity MAOA genes
• What did Stewart's 2014 genetic analysis reveal?

  Defective MAOA gene in aggressive offenders
• What is the relationship between serotonin and aggression according to Mo L?

  High serotonin correlates with high aggression
• What is ethology in the context of aggression?

  Scientific study of natural animal behavior
• How is aggression advantageous in evolutionary terms?

  Helps survive threats and attract mates
• What are fixed action patterns in aggression?

  Automatic actions triggered by stimuli
• What did Tinbergen find about male sticklebacks?

  They attack red-painted sticks
• What did Slack find about monkeys raised in isolation?

  They showed defensive poses to threats
• What did Daly and Wilson find about family violence?

  Non-genetically related members are more likely to kill
• What did Sedella find about women's attraction to men?

  Women prefer dominant men over aggressive men
• What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state?

  Frustration leads to mental tension and aggression
• What are the four cognitive mediating factors in social learning theory?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
• What is de-individuation?

  Reduced personal values in a crowd
• What did Harris find about frustration in a jigsaw task?

  Frustrated participants shocked more than non-frustrated
• What did Bandura's 1961 study demonstrate?

  Children imitated aggressive behavior towards a doll
• What did Williams find about children's aggression after TV exposure?

  Increased verbal and physical aggression
• What did Zimbardo's study reveal about aggression in individuated females?

  They shocked for twice as long as identified participants
• What did Gergin find about participants in a darkened room?

  Many hugged and intentionally touched each other
• What is the significance of social changes from individual research?

  Can lead to crime reduction strategies
• What is the context of institutional aggression?

  More frequent acts of aggression in prisons
• What is the importation model in prison behavior?

  Prisoners' social past affects behavior
• What situational factors can lead to aggression in prisons?

  Overcrowding and lack of entertainment