Transcription & Translation

• Transcription stage 1:

  dna helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
• transcription stage 2:

  2 strands of DNA are separated
• transcription stage 3:

  free RNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs with template strand
• transcription stage 4:

  uracil replaces thymine in the nitrogenous bases
• transcription stage 5:

  RNA polymerase catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
• hydrogen bonds are between bases
• phosphodiester bonds are between nucleotides
• translation stage 1:

  mRNA leaves through nuclear pore to ribosome
• translation stage 2:

  start codon signals for the first amino acid
• translation stage 3:

  codons and anticodons pair as they are complementary
• translation stage 4:

  ribosome processes 2-3 tRNA molecules at a time
• translation stage 5:

  peptide bonds form between amino acids in a condensation reaction