ATP Production

• What happens during glycolysis?

  Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
• What cellular activities are powered by ATP energy release?

  Muscle movement and cell growth
• What is ATP often referred to as in cellular processes?

  Energy currency
• What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?

  To produce electrons via NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain
• What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
• What happens when cells need energy?

  They break down ATP to release energy
• What are the three parts of ATP?

  Adenosine and three phosphate groups
• How is ATP similar to a battery?

  It stores energy for cellular use
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine Triphosphate
• How do muscles use ATP during exercise?

  For energy generated from cellular respiration
• What occurs in the Krebs cycle?

  Pyruvate is further broken down to CO2
• What molecule is primarily broken down during cellular respiration?

  Glucose
• What are the key outputs of cellular respiration?

  • Energy (ATP)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Water (H2O)
• What activities does ATP fuel in the body?

  • Muscle contraction
  • Active transport
  • Protein synthesis
• How do protons contribute to ATP production in the electron transport chain?

  They flow back through ATP synthase
• When is most ATP produced during cellular respiration?

  During oxidative phosphorylation
• What is the ATP yield from cellular respiration per glucose molecule?

  38 molecules
• How does the process shown in the image relate to the overall function of mitochondria in cells?

  • Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell
  • They use the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP
  • This provides the energy needed to power cellular processes
• What happens as electrons pass from complex to complex in the electron transport chain?

  They release energy that pumps protons
• What are the main steps of the citric acid cycle?

  • Conversion of acetyl CoA to citric acid
  • Series of redox reactions to produce NADH and FADH2
  • Release of CO2
  • Regeneration of oxaloacetate
• Where are the protein complexes of the electron transport chain located?

  Embedded in the mitochondrial membrane
• What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

  It converts to Acetyl CoA in mitochondria
• What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in the process shown?

  • Oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO₂
  • Generates NADH and FADH₂ for the electron transport chain
  • Produces ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
• How does the citric acid cycle interact with the electron transport chain in the process shown?

  The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH₂ which provide electrons to the electron transport chain
• What is the name of the molecule that is produced in the ATP synthase process?

  ATP
• How does the number of ATP produced in the citric acid cycle compare to the number produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

  The citric acid cycle produces 2 ATP, while oxidative phosphorylation produces 34 ATP
• What is the main product of ATP synthase activity in the electron transport chain?

  ATP
• Why is the ATP production in cellular respiration not 100% efficient?

  Some energy is lost as heat
• What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of ATP production in cellular respiration?

  45%
• What is the role of the NADH molecule in the process shown?

  It provides electrons for the electron transport chain
• What is the role of the ATP synthase enzyme in the process shown?

  It produces ATP from ADP and P_i
• Where does cellular respiration take place?

  Mitochondria
• What is the name of the molecule that is reduced to produce NADH?

  NAD⁺
• What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in the process shown?

  • Oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO₂
  • Generates NADH and FADH₂ for the electron transport chain
  • Produces ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
• How does ATP function in the body?

  It powers almost all cellular processes
• What is the name of the molecule that is reduced to produce NADH?

  NAD⁺
• How much ATP does the electron transport chain convert?

  32 ATP
• What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

  They donate electrons to the electron transport chain
• How does the process shown in the image relate to the overall function of mitochondria in cells?

  • Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell
  • They use the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to produce most of the cell's ATP
  • This provides the energy needed to power cellular processes
• What cycle does Acetyl CoA enter?

  Krebs cycle