breeding strategies

• The main components of the learning process are attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• Saint Alphonsus Rodriguez is presented by Group 2 of 9.
• Synthetic-seed Engineering is an application of plant tissue culture.
• Several developments in scientific research have proved that we can now develop artificial seeds using different plant materials.
• These seeds function and even look like true seeds.
• The concept of artificial seeds was first proposed by Murashige, a famous scientist.
• A single seed is defined as an encapsulated single somatic embryo by Murashige.
• Synthetic seeds are artificially encapsulated plant propagation material.
• This material could be somatic embryos, shoot buds, cell aggregates, or any other tissue that we can use as a seed for propagation.
• Synthetic seed technology primarily involves encapsulating somatic embryos in a protective coating.
• These seeds are produced by encapsulating multiple somatic embryos along with the process of desiccation.
• The process of desiccation involves completely removing the moisture content from these seeds.
• To form the protective coating on somatic embryos or propagules, we use polyoxyethylene (Polyox) as encapsulating material.
• Polyox is a non-toxic material that prevents the growth of microorganisms and is non-toxic to embryos.
• Desiccated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogel capsules.
• Hydrogel capsules are more suitable for plant species where somatic embryos are recalcitrant and show sensitivity to desiccation.
• The most common method to form hydrated seeds is by using calcium-alginate encapsulation.
• Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogel capsules.
• This method is for large scale productions and maintains genetic uniformity for a high number of generations.
• According to literature, the costs of producing a plant using this technology is low and it facilitates rapid multiplication of plants.
• One of the biggest merit of this method is direct delivery of plant parts (protected with viable coating) to the field.
• These seeds have potential for short and medium term storage without losing viability.
• As compared to plantlets, it is easy to handle and transport synthetic seeds.
• Somatic embryos have low survival rates for most plant species, which also limits the value of synthetic seeds.
• There are not many protocols available to produce propagules from different plant parts using plant tissue culture methods.
• Hence less useful material available for producing synthetic seeds.
• According to scientists, somatic embryos from some plants species are not capable of germinating out of the capsule or coating.
• These seeds face a problem of quick drying out of capsules and need to be stored in a humid environment and coated with hydrophobic materials to prevent drying.
• One molecular biology procedure that involves modifying an organism's DNA is called gene splicing.
• Alternate splicing can be tissue-specific such that different proteins are made from the same original gene by two or more different cell types.
• One cell type may make multiple configurations using the same gene.
• The molecules or molecular complexes that actually splice RNA in the cellular nucleus are called spliceosomes.
• Spliceosomes are made of small sequences of RNAs bound by additional small proteins.
• Spliceosomes recognize particular nucleotide sequences at the intron-exon boundary.
• DNA and RNA are both generally read in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
• Various splicing signal sequences are universal and are found within every intron site spliced, while some signal sequences are unique to individual genes.
• DNA is made up of bases called nucleotides, which represent the DNA alphabet.
• Most introns in higher life forms begin with the nucleotide sequence G-T and end with the sequence A-G.
• The sequences define the “left” (5’) and “right” (3’) borders of the intron and are described as conforming to the GT-AG rule.
• Advances in understanding the mechanisms that describe how gene splicing occurs have led to the ability of scientists to cut and anneal nucleotide sequences, also called recombinant DNA technology.