SCIENCE

• Order of Orbital Filling - s < p < d < f
• Pauli Exclusion Principle - no two elections in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers ,, elections must have opposite spins

  
• Aufbau Principal - states that electrons fill lower-energy orbitals first before moving to higher-energy orbitals

  
• Hund's Rule - every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied ,, electrons prefer to occupy empty orbitals to minimize repulsion

  
• Pure Substance - made of only 1 type of particle

  ex: copper wire only has copper atoms
• Mixtures - 2 or more substances that are not chemically bonded
• Matter - defined as anything that possesses mass and occupies space
• Three Main States of Matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solids

  particles are tightly packed and held together by strong forces
• Liquids

  particles are close together but not as tightly packed as solids, allowing them to flow
• • Gases

  expand to fill the shape and volume of their container
• Plasma

  consists of an electrically charges gas, where particles are ionized and carry a charge
• Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

  occurs at temperatures approaching absolute zero, causing particles to function as a single entity
• Physical Changes - affect the appearance or state of a substance but don't change what the substance is
• Intensive Property - doesnt depend on the amount of matter in a sample
• Extensive Property - depends on the amount of matter in a sample
• Chemical Changes - happen when a substance turns into something completely new
• Chemical Property - describes the ability of a substance to change into a different substance
• Phase Changes - physical processes where a substance transitions from one state of matter to another

  
• Phase Changes

  • Melting - Solid to Liquid
  • Freezing - Liquid to Solid
  • Boiling - Liquid to Gas
  • Evaporation - Liquid to Gas
  • Condensation - Gas to Liquid
  • Sublimation - Solid to Gas
  • Deposition - Gas to Solid
• John Dalton - proposed his theory of matter in 1803. pictured the atom as a solid
• JJ Thomson - discovered that Dalton's atomic model was not accurate,, was able to discover negatively charged particles known as elections,, responsible for discovering the first election
• Ernest Rutherford - discovered the Nuclear Model of an Atom
• Neils Bohr - adapted Planck's theory to Rutherford's model of the atom
• Arnold Sommerfeld - expanded their studies to enhance Bohr's model of an atom
• Components of an Atom / Subatomic Particles

  • Proton
  • Neutron
  • Electron
• Proton - has an electric charge of positive one (+1)
• Neutron - has no electric charge,, makes up the nucleus of an atom
• Electron - has an electric charge of negative one (-1)
• • The number of protons in an atom indicates what element an atom is
• • The number of an election is equal to the number of protons
• Cation - the ion with positive charge is formed when the electron is REMOVED from an atom
• Anion - the ion with the negative charge is formed when an electron is ADDED to an atom
• Isotopes - kinds of atoms with the ​same number of protons but different number of neutrons
• Proton = Electron = Atomic Number

  Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons

  Neutron = Mass number - Atomic number