all synthesis routes

• alkanes to haloalkanes: reaction, mechanism, conditions and equation for CH4 reacting with Br2

  - halogenation

  - free radical substitution

  - UV light and RT and excess alkane

  - CH4 + Br2 ----> CH3Br + HBr
• alkenes to alkanes: reaction, mechanism, conditions and equation for C2H4

  - hydrogenation

  - reduction

  - nickel catalyst, 150 degrees

  - C2H4 + H2 ---> C2H6
• alkenes to haloalkanes: reaction, mechanism, conditions and equation for C2H4 and HBr

  - halogenation

  - electrophilic addition (mechanism needed)

  - RT

  - CH2=CH2 + HBr -----> CH3CH2Br
• alkenes to dihaloalkanes: reaction, mechanism, conditions and equation for C2H4 and Br2

  - halogenation

  - electrophilic addition (mechanism needed)

  -RT

  -CH2=CH2 + Br2 ---> CH2BrCH2Br
• alkenes to alcohols: reaction, mechanism, conditions and equation for C2H4

  - hydration

  - oxidation

  - concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid and steam

  - CH2=CH2 + H2O ---> CH3CH2OH
• alcohol to aldehyde: reaction, conditions and reagents and products

  - oxidation

  - heat under distillation, K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4

  - primary alcohol ----> aldehyde and water
• alcohol to carboxylic acid: reaction, conditions and reagents and products

  - oxidation

  - heat under reflux, K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4

  - primary alcohol -----> carboxylic acid and water
• alcohol to ketone: reaction, condition and reagents and products

  - oxidation

  - heat under reflux, K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4

  - secondary alcohol to ketone and water
• alcohol to alkene: reaction, mechanism, condition and reagents and products

  - dehydration

  - elimination

  - heat under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4

  - alcohol to alkene and water
• alcohol to haloalkane: reaction, condition and reagents and products, formation of hydrogen halide

  - substitution

  - heat under reflux, NaX/H2SO4

  - alcohol and hydrogen halide to haloalkane and water

  - NaX + H2SO4 ----> HX + NaHSO4
• haloalkanes to alcohols: reaction, mechanism, condition and reagents and products

  - alkaline hydrolysis

  - nucleophilic substitution (mechanism required)

  - NaOH and heat under reflux

  - haloalkane and hydroxide ion to alcohol and halide ion
• haloalkanes to nitriles: mechanism, condition and reagents and products

  - nucleophilic substitution 9mechanism required)

  - NaCN (ethanol) and heat under reflux

  - Haloalkane and cyanide ion to nitrile (RCN) and halide ion
• benzene to nitrobenzene: mechanism, condition and reagents and products

  - electrophilic substitution (mechanism required)

  - concentrated HNO3 and H2SO4 and 50 degrees

  - benzene and HNO3 to nitrobenzene and water
• nitrobenzene to phenylamine: reaction, condition and reagents and products

  - reduction

  - Sn and concentrated HCl and heat under reflux

  - nitrobenzene and 6(H) to phenylamine and water
• phenylamine to phenyl ammonium ion: reaction, condition and reagents and products

  - neutralisation

  - HCl and rtp

  - phenylamine and H+ to phenyl ammonium ion
• benzene to halobenzene: mechanism, condition and reagents and products

  - electrophilic substitution (mechanism required)

  - anhydrous AlX3, rtp

  - benzene and halogen to halobenzene and hydrogen halide
• benzene to chlorobenzene to alkylbenzene 9friedal-crafts alkylation): reaction, condition and reagents and products

  - electrophilic substitution

  - rtp and anhydrous AlCl3

  - benzene and alkylbenzene to alkylbenzene and hydrochloric acid
• benzene to acyl chloride to phenylkeytone: reaction, condition and reagents and products

  - electrophilic substitution

  anhydrous AlCl3 rtp

  - benzene and acyl chloride to phenylkeytone and HCl