case studies

• Who was Henry Molaison?

  A severe epileptic patient
• What procedure did Henry Molaison undergo to control his seizures?

  His hippocampus was suctioned out
• What was the outcome of Henry Molaison's surgery?

  Reduced seizures but severe memory impairment
• What types of memory could Henry Molaison not form after his surgery?

  New words, songs, or faces
• What could Henry Molaison still learn after his surgery?

  Some new motor skills subconsciously
• What was KF's condition after his motorcycle accident?

  Damaged short-term memory
• How many items could KF remember at a time?

  Only 2 items or chunks
• What type of information did KF struggle with?

  Verbal information
• What did KF retain normal ability in?

  Visual information
• What did Craik and Lockhart propose about memory processing?

  Processing influences later recall
• What is the relationship between shallow processing and memory trace?

  Shallow processing results in weak memory trace
• What did Craik and Lockhart's research find about recognition of stimuli?

  Highest for semantically processed stimuli
• What are the levels of processing according to Craik and Lockhart?

  • Structural processing (visual)
  • Phonetic processing (acoustic)
  • Semantic processing (meaning)
• How does KF's case challenge the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

  KF had normal long-term memory but impaired short-term memory
• What does HM's case support regarding the MSM?

  It supports the idea of separate memory stores
• What role does the hippocampus play in memory according to the study material?

  It has a role in transferring STM to LTM
• What is the best way to retain information according to the study material?

  Phonetic processing is the best method
• What does the study suggest about verbal and visual information processing?

  Verbal information processing is impaired, but visual is normal
• What are the implications of HM and KF's cases for memory models?

  • HM supports the MSM's separate stores
  • KF challenges the MSM's assumptions
  • Suggests complexity in memory processing
• What was the lifespan of Henry Molaison?

  1926-2008
• What type of epilepsy did Henry Molaison have?

  Severe epilepsy
• What specific memory effects did the removal of the hippocampus have on Henry Molaison?

  Severe memory impairment
• What was the nature of the learning Henry Molaison could still perform?

  Subconscious learning of motor skills
• In what year did Craik and Lockhart conduct their research?

  1975
• What did Craik and Lockhart find about recognition of semantically processed stimuli?

  It had the highest recognition rate
• How do the findings of Craik and Lockhart's research impact educational practices?

  Emphasizes the importance of deep processing
• What challenges does KF's case present to the MSM?

  It shows normal long-term memory with impaired short-term memory
• What role does rehearsal play in memory transfer according to the MSM?

  It is necessary for transferring STM to LTM