anxiety

• What does the case study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) contradict?

  Results of Loftus and Palmer (1979)
• What emotional state is described as anxiety?

  An unpleasant emotional state often accompanied by physiological arousal
• How many witnesses were originally interviewed in Yuille and Cutshall's study?

  21 witnesses
• What did Yuille and Cutshall find about eyewitness accounts months later?

  Little change in their testimonies
• What physiological responses are associated with anxiety?

  Increased heart rate and rapid breathing
• What was the main finding of Burns (1982) regarding anxiety and eyewitness testimony?

  Anxiety has a negative effect on eyewitness testimony
• What were participants in Johnson and Scott's study asked to estimate?

  Age, height, and weight of a suspect
• What did participants witness in Johnson and Scott's study?

  A violent crime where a boy is shot
• How did the 'no-weapon' condition differ from the 'weapon' condition in Johnson and Scott's study?

  'No-weapon' involved a pen, 'weapon' involved a knife
• What does the weapon focus effect refer to?

  Increased focus on the weapon reduces face recognition
• What did Deffenbacher (1983) review in his study?

  21 studies on anxiety's effects on eyewitness testimony
• What did Deffenbacher find regarding higher arousal levels?

  Linked to increased eyewitness accuracy
• What percentage of participants identified the target in the 'no-weapon' condition?

  49%
• What percentage of participants identified the target in the 'weapon' condition?

  33%
• What does the Yerkes-Dodson law state?

  Performance improves with arousal up to an optimum point
• How does the Yerkes-Dodson law relate to eyewitness testimony?

  Moderate anxiety can enhance eyewitness accuracy
• What did Christianson and Hubinette (1993) find about bank robbery victims?

  Threatened victims had more accurate recall
• What is a strength of Christianson and Hubinette's study?

  It has greater ecological validity
• What is a limitation of field studies in eyewitness research?

  Researchers have no control over post-event factors
• What can interfere with eyewitness memory after an event?

  Post-event discussion
• What did Pickel (1998) use in his experiment to create anxiety?

  Scissors, a gun, a wallet, or raw chicken
• How did Pickel's findings relate to anxiety and unusualness?

  Unusual items reduced eyewitness accuracy
• What did Bothwell et al. (1987) study regarding personality characteristics?

  They tested emotional sensitivity in eyewitnesses
• What did Bothwell et al. find about neurotic participants?

  Neurotics had decreased accuracy under stress
• What does the research suggest about the role of individual differences in eyewitness accuracy?

  Individual differences can significantly affect accuracy
• How do lab studies compare to real-life studies in terms of anxiety levels?

  Lab studies may not replicate real anxiety levels
• What is a potential ethical issue in creating anxiety for participants?

  It can cause psychological harm
• What is the main conclusion from the studies discussed regarding anxiety and eyewitness testimony?

  Anxiety can have both positive and negative effects