5.7 respiration

• what are the four stages of respiration?

  glycolysis Link reaction krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation
• Where does glycolysis take place?

  cytoplasm
• where does the link reaction occur?

  matrix
• where does the Krebs cycle occur?

  matrix
• where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

  cristae
• what is the first stage of aerobic respiration?

  Glycolysis
• what is the second stage of aerobic respiration?

  link reaction
• what is the third stage of aerobic respiration?

  Krebs cycle
• what is the fourth stage of aerobic respiration?

  oxidative phosphorylation
• Anaerobic respiration doesn’t require oxygen
• there are two types of anaerobic respiration = alcoholic fermentation + lactate fermentation
• lactate fermentation occurs in mammals and produces lactate
• Production of lactate regenerates NAD which then can be used in glycolysis
• Too much lactate is toxic. It is taken up by the liver from the bloodstream and converted back to glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis
• alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast cells and produces ethanol
• production of ethanol also regenerates NAD so glycolysis can continue
• ATP yield from anaerobic respiration is always lower than aerobic respiration due to anaerobic respiration only having one energy releasing stage (glycolysis)
• Any biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy is called what?

  respiratory substrate
• most ATP is made in oxidative phosphorylation which end requires hydrogen atoms from NADH + FADH = more hydrogen atoms per mass = more ATP produced when respired hence lipids have the most hydrogen atoms per unit mass.
• Respire quotient equation = volume of CO2 releases/volume of O2 consumed
• what is the RQ value of lipids?

  0.7
• what is the RQ value of proteins?

  0.9
• what is the RQ value of carbohydrates?

  1
• When respiratory quotient is greater than 1 = organism is short of oxygen
• plants sometimes have a low respiratory quotient because CO2 released in respiration is used for photosynthesis = not measured
• Name four reasons why organisms need energy?

  endocytosis active transport synthesis of molecules DNA replication
• Matrix contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA + oxaloacetate