Biological molecules

• ATP + H20 ->ADP + Pi
• Structure of ATP

  Adenine, Ribose, Phosphate(x3)
• Which way around is the H and OH group on an alpha glucose molecule

  • H on top
  • OH on bottom
• Which way around is the H and OH group on a beta glucose molecule

  • H on bottom
  • OH on top
• Condensation reaction


  A reaction where two molecules are joined together by a chemical reaction and a water molecule is released
• What bond is formed between two monosaccharide molecule

  Glycosidic bond
• Disaccharide

  When two monosaccharides are joined together
• Sucrose

  Glucose + Fructose
• Lactose

  Glucose + galactose
• Hydrolysis reaction

  Breaking a chemical bond between monomers using water
• Polysaccharide

  Formed when more than two monosaccharides are joined in a condensation reaction
• Use for starch

  Main energy stores in plants

  Plants use it to store excess glucose

  Insoluble so doesn't effect water potential so water doesn't enter by osmosis making it swell
• What is starch made up of?

  Amylopectin

  Amylose
• Amylose

  Long unbranched chain of alpha glucose

  Coiled structure which makes it more compact and you can fit it into a smaller space
• Amylopectin

  Long branched chain of alpha glucose

  Contains side chains which allow the enzymes to break down the molecule more easily, meaning glucose can be released quickly
• Use of glycogen

  A store of excess glucose in animals
• Structure of glycogen

  Highly branched alpha glucose chain

  Lots of chains mean glucose can be released quickly
• Use of cellulose

  Main component in cell walls
• Structure of cellulose

  Straight beta glucose chains

  Chains linked together to form strong fibres called microfibrils

  Provide structural support
• Structure of a triglyceride

  • One molecule of glycerol with three fatty acid chains
  • Fatty acid tails containing hydrocarbons are hydrophobic making lipids insoluble
• How triglycerides are formed

  Fatty acids are joined to a glycerol molecule by a condensation reaction
• What's the bond between a fatty acid and glycerol molecule called?

  An ester bond
• Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid chain

  Double carbon carbon bond in their hydrocarbon tails
• What are the lipids in cell membranes called

  Phospholipids
• Difference between triglycerides and phospholipids

  Phospholipids contain a phosphate group on the glycerol
• Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic

  Hydrophobic - Fatty acid tail

  Hydrophilic - Phosphate group
• Dipepetide

  Two amino acids joined together
• Polypeptide

  More than two amino acids joined together
• Structure of an amino acid

  Carboxyl group (COOH)

  Amine group (NH2)

  R group (only one that changes)
• What's the name of the bond between amino acids?

  Peptide bond
• Primary structure of proteins

  Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
• Secondary protein structure

  Either:

  Coil into alpha helix

  Fold into beta pleated sheet
• Tertiary protein structure

  Coils and folds further

  More hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds form in the peptide chain

  Disulphide bridges formed

  3D structure
• Quaternary protein structure

  Several different polypeptide chains held together

  3D structure
• Structures found in viruses

  Capsid

  DNA or RNA

  Attachment proteins