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Bio
Paper 2
Reproduction (Topic 13)
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Cards (43)
What are the two main ways organisms can reproduce?
Sexual reproduction
and
asexual reproduction
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Which organisms can reproduce through both sexual and asexual reproduction?
Some
plants
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What type of reproduction do most animals rely on?
Sexual reproduction
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How do bacteria reproduce?
Asexually
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What is the key point of sexual reproduction?
It involves the fusion of male and female
gametes
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What is fertilization in the context of sexual reproduction?
The fusion of male and female
gametes
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Why are offspring from sexual reproduction genetically different?
They contain a mixture of their
parents' genes
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How many chromosomes does a normal human cell have?
46
chromosomes
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How many chromosomes do human gametes have?
23
chromosomes
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What happens when two gametes fuse together?
The resulting cell has 46
chromosomes
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What process produces gametes?
Meiosis
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Does sexual reproduction require sexual intercourse?
No, it refers to
gamete fusion
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How do plants reproduce sexually?
Through the combination of
pollen
and
egg cells
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What is a key characteristic of asexual reproduction?
It involves only one
parent
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What is the result of asexual reproduction?
Identical
clones
of the parent
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How do eukaryotic organisms reproduce asexually?
Through
mitosis
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How do bacteria reproduce asexually?
By
binary fission
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What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction:
Involves two
parents
Fusion of male and female
gametes
Offspring are genetically varied
Asexual reproduction:
Involves one parent
No fusion of gametes
Offspring are
identical
clones
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What processes are involved in gamete formation for different organisms?
Eukaryotic organisms (plants, fungi, some animals):
Gametes
formed through
meiosis
Prokaryotic
organisms (bacteria):
Gametes formed through
binary fission
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What process forms gametes in sexual reproduction?
Meiosis
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What are gametes also known as?
Sex cells
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How much genetic material do gametes contain?
Half
the genetic material
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What do we call cells that contain half the genetic material?
Haploid cells
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What happens when two gametes combine?
They form a normal
diploid
cell
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What type of cells do gametes form when they combine?
Diploid cells
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What is the first step in meiosis?
Replicate
all of the cell's DNA
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What shape do chromosomes take after DNA replication in meiosis?
X shape
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How many types of chromosomes do humans have?
23
different types
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How many individual chromosomes does each human cell have?
46
individual chromosomes
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What are maternal chromosomes?
Chromosomes from the mother
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What are paternal chromosomes?
Chromosomes from the
father
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What happens to chromosome pairs during meiosis?
They line up randomly along the
center
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Why is the random arrangement of chromosomes important in meiosis?
It creates genetic diversity in
gametes
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What occurs during the first division of meiosis?
Chromosome
pairs are pulled apart
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What happens during the second division of meiosis?
Chromosome arms
are pulled to opposite sides
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How many cells result from meiosis?
Four
cells
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What are the gametes produced in male animals?
Sperm cells
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What are the gametes produced in female animals?
Egg cells
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What happens during fertilization?
A
sperm
and
egg
fuse to form a
diploid cell
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What does the diploid cell formed during fertilization do?
Divides by
mitosis
to form an
embryo
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