APWH Unit 4

• the textile industry was the biggest in Europe. Wool was from Spain, linen was from Germany, and goods were made in the low country
• The putting-out system was how production was spread out. Shops would put-out work to local contractors which was good for the employees but limited the employer’s control.
• The moveable type printing press was invented in East Asia but couldn’t produce most due to language characters. It was more useful in Europe and led to mass book production.
• The three estates are the clergy, nobility, and peasants.
• Burghers are city dwellers who included merchants, artisans, and crafters.
• The European nobility are successors of the second estate who don’t have military careers and are land owners. They are exempted from common people taxes.
• The church is run by the pope and the clergy. The pope was very influential and the clergy had substantial land and wealth.
• Salvation is the belief that people have souls from God and will go to heaven if they have never sinned.
• Baptism is the first cleaning of the soul that guarantees going straight to heaven as long as you never sin for the rest of your life.
• Penance is the confessing of a sin to a priest and atoning for that sin.
• The Alhambra Decree in Spain evicted Jews from living there because spain wanted a solely catholic society.
• The Treasury of Merits was the Pope’s “keys to heaven” and gave him the most power.
• Indulgence is when someone could pay the church so they do not have to do penance for their sins and/or go to purgatory.
• Martin luther criticized indulgences and denied papal authority, which broke the church. He started a new religion called Lutheran Christianity.
• The Protestant reformation was a religious movement that began in the 16th century and led to the establishment of new churches. These churches would break away from the Pope and cause a schism in Europe, leading to religious wars and major problems.
• Catholics kept papal power and indulgences. They tried to increase its reach worldwide through the Jesuit order. Catholicism is in Spain, Portugal, and France.
• The Jesuit order were highly trained and educated missionaries that would go world wide to spread the reach of Catholicism.
• Anglican Christianity was in the British isles and kept the church hierarchy but replaced the pope with the king of England (so the monarch controlled the church).
• Lutheran Christianity was in the Holy Roman Empire and Scandinavia. The king was the head of the church and only the bishops were kept. The Bible was the only source of authority and they rejected penance. The only way to heaven was true faith in Jesus.
• Calvinist Christianity rejected the entire church hierarchy. The elders were experienced society members and the ministers were religious leaders and teachers. They believed in predisposition and believed that God chose those who would be saved. Calvinism was primarily based in the Netherlands.
• Predestination is the Calvinist belief that God chose the fate of every soul and if they went to heaven before they were born.
• Anabaptists rejected all church authority and were religious radicals. They wanted a second, consented baptism and were typically enemies of the state because they were the most extreme.
• The Spanish Inquisition hunted down people with non-catholic views and kept Spain fully catholic.
• Minority religions are ones with no state powers but still had a big population.
• The Huguenots were French Calvinist Protestants.
• The peace of Augsburg was an agreement that the king’s religion is the people’s religion and that every vassal could choose their territory’s religion.
• The 30 years war was a civil war that eventually became Europe-wide. The war was Spain & Portugal against France & the Netherlands. Germany was the battleground of this war.
• Peace of Westphalia was when religious fervor had run out and the internal affairs of a state were no longer a concern to other states. This led to less meddling
• The Machiavelli was a political theory that believes politics are states acting in their own good interest and that a good ruler would do what’s best for his people, even if it is immoral.
• The scientific revolution was a shift in learning, technology, and innovation. It broke down previous certainties, like how the world worked, and used inductive reasoning over deductive reasoning.
• Spain and Portugal were hereditary absolute monarchies but were too overextended so they would have to give power to their vassals/colonies. They were highly decentralized.
• Hereditary absolute monarchies are a monarch that has bsolute legislative, executive, and judicial power. The king can delegate his power and the monarch has assistants.
• The Divine Right of Kings is the belief that the power of a king is from God and is absolute, meaning nobody can question it.
• France started as a weak, feudal monarchy but became a hereditary absolute monarchy.
• Fronde was when nobles rose up to stop and limit the French king’s growing power. The king gave them mercy and let them exist but he had more power than them.
• Versailles is a wealthy palace in France used to show off the king’s power and riches. All nobles had to annually attend Versailles to be the king’s servant, which was seen as an “honor”.
• The United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed by England, ireland, and Scotland, but England is dominate. They were a limited monarchy who had a parliament.
• Limited monarchies are when the king’s power is counterbalanced by other power sources through dividing the power up.
• Parliamentary monarchies are the counterbalance in a limited monarch through the use of a parliament.
• Parliament votes on passing new laws and is made of either voted in or hereditary people