caregiver-infant interactions

• What is the definition of attachment?

  Close two-way emotional bond between individuals
• Why is attachment essential for individuals?

  It is essential for survival and emotional security
• What does proximity refer to in attachment theory?

  Trying to be physically close to a secure base
• What is stranger anxiety?

  Distress when around a new person
• What is separation anxiety?

  Distress when away from attachment figure
• What is reciprocity in attachment interactions?

  Adult and baby respond to each other in time
• What does sensitive responsiveness mean?

  Adult attends to infant's signals
• What was the aim of Meltzoff & Moore's study?

  To see if infants imitate gestures
• What age range did Meltzoff & Moore study?

  Infants between 12-27 days old
• What gestures were shown to infants in the study?

  Facial and manual gestures
• What was used to prevent infants from responding?

  A dummy placed in infants' mouths
• What was recorded during Meltzoff & Moore's study?

  Infants' responses on video
• What did Meltzoff & Moore find about infants at 12 days old?

  They could imitate manual and facial gestures
• Why is imitation important according to the study?

  It builds blocks for future development
• What are the strengths of Meltzoff & Moore's research?

  • Careful and continued observations
  • High validity due to natural behavior
  • Babies do not change behavior when observed
• What is a limitation of Meltzoff & Moore's research?

  It is difficult to replicate due to reliability issues
• What is a challenge in studying babies' behavior?

  Babies' behavior is often irregular
• What radical issues arise in attachment research?

  Babies are always being fed or crying
• What is the first stage of attachment according to Shaffer and Emerson?

  Pre-attachment (0-3 months)
• What happens during the pre-attachment stage?

  Infants become attracted to human faces
• What is the second stage of attachment?

  Indiscriminate attachment (3-6 months)
• What occurs during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Infants discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar humans
• What is the third stage of attachment?

  Specific attachment (7-9 months)
• What characterizes the specific attachment stage?

  Strong attachment with specific people develops
• What is the fourth stage of attachment?

  Multiple attachments (4 months and older)
• What happens during the multiple attachments stage?

  Infants form emotional ties with other caregivers
• How does attachment to strangers change in the multiple attachments stage?

  Fear of strangers weakens due to attachments
• What is the impact of attachment on infants?

  It influences their emotional and social development
• What is essential for emotional security according to Locke?

  Emotional bond between caregivers
• How do infants show they feel secure with their caregivers?

  By trying to be physically close
• What does separation anxiety indicate in infants?

  Distress when away from their caregiver
• What is the term for anxiety when around a new person?

  Stranger anxiety
• What is the significance of responsiveness in adults to infants?

  It helps in building emotional security
• What are the key findings from Shaun's study on infants' responses?

  • Infants imitate adult facial gestures
  • Infants respond to manual gestures
  • Study involved 12-27 days old infants
  • Responses recorded on video
• What age group did Shaun's study focus on?

  12-27 days old
• What was the method used to observe infants in Shaun's study?

  Recording their responses on video
• What might facial gestures in infants indicate?

  Building blocks for future development
• What are the strengths of observational research in infants?

  • High validity due to natural settings
  • Unaware participants reduce bias
  • Reliable data collection methods
• What is a potential issue when conducting research with infants?

  Infants may be fussy or crying
• Why is it hard to conduct research on infants?

  They require constant care and attention