Carb

• What are carboxylic acids derived from?

  Carboxylic acids are derived from carboxyl groups.
• What is the general structure of a carboxylic acid?

  It contains a carboxyl group (-COOH).
• What is produced during the effervescence of carboxylic acids?

  Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is produced.
• What is the process of esterification?

  Esterification is the formation of esters from acids and alcohols.
• What are the uses of esters?

  • Perfumes
  • Flavorings
• How can esters be hydrolyzed?

  By heating with acid or sodium hydroxide.
• What reagents are used for acid hydrolysis of esters?

  Dilute acid (HCl) is used.
• What are the conditions for acid hydrolysis of esters?

  Heat under reflux is required.
• What products are formed from the hydrolysis of an ester?

  A carboxylic acid and an alcohol are formed.
• What happens during hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide?

  The reaction goes to completion.
• What is the effect of using excess sodium hydroxide in hydrolysis?

  It ensures complete hydrolysis of the ester.
• What is the carboxylic acid salt product from sodium hydroxide hydrolysis?

  It is the anion of the carboxylic acid.
• How can a carboxylic acid salt be converted back to carboxylic acid?

  By adding a strong acid like HCl.
• What are the practical methods for ester formation and hydrolysis?

  • Heat under reflux for both processes.
  • Follow AQA required practical guidelines.
• What is the typical state of most esters?

  Most esters are liquids.
• How is ethyl benzoate hydrolyzed?

  By heating with sodium hydroxide under reflux.
• What is the result of adding hydrochloric acid after hydrolyzing ethyl benzoate?

  A precipitate of benzoic acid is produced.
• Why is sodium benzoate soluble in water?

  Because it is ionic in nature.
• Why is benzoic acid insoluble in water?

  Due to its non-polar benzene ring.
• What are fats and oils composed of?

  • Esters of glycerol
  • Long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids)
• What is glycerol also known as?

  Propane-1,2,3-triol.
• What is biodiesel made from?

  A mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids.
• What happens when vegetable oils and animal fats are hydrolyzed?

  They produce soap, glycerol, and fatty acids.
• How do long chain carboxylic acids act as soaps?

  They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
• What is the reaction to convert vegetable oils into biodiesel?

  Reaction with methanol in the presence of a strong alkali.
• Why is biodiesel considered carbon-neutral?

  Carbon dioxide released is from photosynthesis.
• What factors affect the carbon neutrality of biodiesel?

  Energy needed for production processes.
• What is a concern regarding biodiesel production?

  Impact on land available for food production.
• What are the two types of carboxylic acid derivatives mentioned?

  Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides
• Why are acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides more reactive than carboxylic acids and esters?

  They have good leaving groups
• What is the change in functional group when acyl chloride reacts with water?

  Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
• What is the observation when acyl chloride reacts with water?

  Steamy white fumes of HCl
• What type of mechanism occurs when acyl chlorides react with water?

  Nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism
• What is the change in functional group when acid anhydrides react with water?

  Acid anhydride to carboxylic acid
• What is the main difference in by-products between acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides?

  Acyl chlorides give off HCl, acid anhydrides give off ROOH
• What is the change in functional group when acyl chloride reacts with alcohol?

  Acyl chloride to ester
• What is the change in functional group when acid anhydride reacts with alcohol?

  Acid anhydride to ester
• What is the change in functional group when acyl chloride reacts with ammonia?

  Acyl chloride to primary amide
• What is the observation when acyl chloride reacts with ammonia?

  White smoke of NH4Cl is given off
• What type of mechanism occurs when acyl chlorides react with ammonia?

  Nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism