nurture - banduras social learning theory (bobo doll)

• His experiment claims that children learn behaviour from imitating others, especially significant people, people they admire, & people they perceived were rewarded for behaviour. These are referred to as
• Social learning theory:

  Factor 1 - Availability; the behaviour to be learnt must be available. This means it must be performed somewhere for the individual to see.
• Social learning theory:

  Factor 2 - attention; we must notice the behaviour or we'll not be able to learn it. The amount of attention we play is influenced by the characteristics of the model. If the model's attractive, prestigious, or powerful, we're more likely to pay attention that if the model is unattractive, of low status & with little power
• Social learning theory:

  Factor 3 - retention; the behaviour must be retained, i.e. the individual must be old enough/interested enough to be capable of keeping information about this behaviour in their memory
• Social learning theory:

  Factor 4 - reproduction; the individual must be capable of actually performing the behaviour.
• Social learning theory:

  Factor 5 - motivation; children may have learnt the behaviour & are able to reproduce it, but that doesn't mean they will. They need to be motivated to imitate the behaviour
• Positive reinforcement - the behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction/rewards
• Negative reinforcement - the behaviour isn't repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction/to avoid being told off
• children learn through observation, limitation, & consequences. they watch role models (usually someone they admire e.g. siblings). they internalise the role models behaviour & reproduce it.
• if the child receives positive reinforcement for the behaviour (e.g. praise) they're likely to repeat the behaviour.

  whereas, if the child receives negative reinforcement (e.g. ridicule from sibling) they're unlikely to repeat the behaviour
• based on bandura's bobo doll experiment. children watched a same sex adult behave aggressively toward a bobo doll. the children imitated the behaviour because they identified with the role model (because they were the same gender)