Spoken

• Grammar: auxiliary verb - used with another verb in a sentence showing grammatical functions such as aspect, voice, mood, tense and person.
• Grammar: bound morpheme - one that cannot stand alone as an independent word - such as the affix plural '-s'.
• Grammar: content word - a type of word that has an independent dictionary definition - also known as a lexical word/item.
• Grammar: derivational - the creation of new words by adding prefixes and suffixes.
• Grammar: free morpheme - one that can stand alone as an individual word.
• Grammar: function word - a word whose role is to perform a grammatical relationship (such as a conjunction).
• Grammar: hypernym - the general term in the hierarchical structure.
• Grammar: hyponym - the more specific term in the hierarchical structure.
• Grammar: expansion - the development of a child's utterance into a longer, more meaningful form.
• The key terms in child language development include grammar, lexis, phonology, pragmatics, and discourse.
• Deprivation of human contact can result in a lack of speech development in children.
• The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of mental processes in language acquisition.
• Chomsky is a proponent of the nativist theory and believes that each child has a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which allows them to acquire grammatical rules.
• The Critical Period Hypothesis suggests that without linguistic interaction before ages 5-6, language acquisition is more difficult.
• There is a counter-argument that the cognitive approach underestimates the significance of interaction, imitation, and reinforcement in language development.
• Language development is supported by input from parents/caregivers, such as bath and bed times, pointing things out when walking, etc.
• Piaget is associated with the cognitive approach and proposed that children develop certain mental abilities before acquiring specific aspects of language.
• Nativists believe that children's ability to learn language is innate.
• Nelson's Crib Talk: When children chat to themselves when alone, often in their crib, discussing memories, anticipated events, routines, etc.
• Wug Test: An experiment to test children's application of grammar systems using made-up creatures called "Wugs."
• Lexical and Grammatical Stages: Holophrastic/one-word utterances, two-word combinations, telegraphic speech, and post-telegraphic speech.
• Behaviourists: Believe that children learn language through imitation and reinforcement.
• Social Interactionists: Focus on the interaction from caregivers in social situations.
• Heuristic: Learning about the environment through exploration and observation.
• Piaget's Stages of Linguistic Development: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational.
• Aitchison's Development Processes: Labelling (linking a sound to an object), packaging (understanding the range of meaning a word might have), and network building (making connections between words).
• Dore's Functions: Different functions of early language development, such as labeling, repeating, answering, requesting action, calling, greeting, protesting, and practicing.
• Grammar: morphology - the area of language study that focuses on the formation of sounds from smaller units called morphemes.
• Grammar: participles - a non-finite verb (ing word) which functions as an adjective.
• Grammar: past participle - adding -ed to the verb base.
• Grammar: person - first, second, or third.
• Grammar: stative verb - refers to a state.
• Grammar: syntax - the way words are arranged to make sentences.
• Grammar: tense - past/present.
• Grammar: universal grammar - the explanation that all world languages share the principles of grammar despite surface differences in lexis and phonology.
• Grammar: virtuous error - syntactic errors made by young children in which the non-standard utterance reveals some understanding, though incomplete, of standard syntax.
• Grammar: voice - can be active or passive.
• Phonology: diphthong - a speech sound which involves two vowels.
• Egocentric speech: The running discourse style of speech used by children where no listener is directly addressed and the talk is focused on the child's activities
• Lexis: Holophrase - a single word expressing a whole idea