relationships and connections

• global shift - move of manufacturing to newly developing countries

  • WEST TO EAST SHIFT
• Asian Tiger groups - South Korea , Taiwan , Singapore and Hong Kong
• countries that began industralising in the 1980s

  • Phillipines
  • Indonesia
  • Cambodia
• positive impacts of global shift on areas experiencing deindustrilsation

  • retraining opportunities for workers in higher wage industries
  • more efficient industries which remain = economic growth and job creation
  • cheaper imports of manufactured goods , keeps cost of living down
• negative impacts of global shift on areas experiencing deindustrialisation

  • outmigration of younger , skilled workers , find jobs elsewhere
  • widening socio-economic inequality between skilled , unskilled workers - particularly when retraining is unsuccessful
  • negative mulptiplier effects in regions affected (snowball effect) , closure of retail and leisure opportunities
• where is Sunderland located?

  north-east of UK, south of Newcastle
• historical context of Sunderland

  largest shipbuilding in the world

  • produced 1.5 million tonnes in WW2
  • competors abroad made ships quicker and cheaper e.g Japan and Korea
  • ended 198 , last ship built
• govermental policies impact on Sunderland

  • investment of £5 million for development of an International Advanced Manufacturing Park
  • will expand auto-related manufacturing industry , create jobs and bring in £29 million in private sector investment in advanced manufacturing industry
  • expected to create 5,200 jobs by 2027
• multinational impact on Sunderland : positive

  • employs 7,000 directly
  • 4,000 employed in automotive jobs elsewhere
  • most productive car plant in Europe , exports more cars than whole of Italy
• multinational impact on sunderland : negative


  • 1971-91 , 15% decrease in employment
  • 2015 : 15th lowest average wages out of 63 cities
  • 6th lowest number of residents holding a degree of all cities
  • lowest share of high-skilled jobs of all cities in England and Wales - 2011
• What is the Stronger in Europe campaign?

  Sunderland recieved £36 million during 2007-2013 European Structural Funds programme
• £1,340,000 to University of Sunderland


  provides graduate internships in local , small and medium firms
• £3,203,959 to Sunderland College for several projects to support skills training and local apprenticeship ships
• £4 million to Sunderland city council for development of Sunderland software city initiative
• £3 million - Sunderland city council for developemtn of A19 Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle Enterprise Zone
• £1 million to city developer Hellens Investment to build starter units at West Chirton
• shifting flows of people

  people visiting places can change economic characteristics of those places e.g St Ives in Cornwall used to be a fishing settlement but is now a popular tourist destination

  • large-scale migration from North Africa to Europe (2015) , shofted gender balance of host towns , mainly male