components of animal and plant cells and their function

• Mitochondria break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate).
• Centriole form spindle fibre for cell division in animal cells.
• Golgi apparatus processes, modifies, packs and transports chemicals such as proteins and carbohydrates.
• Plasma membrane controls movement of substances into and out of the cell.
• Lysosome breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cell.
• Nucleus contains chromosomes that contain DNA.
• Ribosome is the site for protein synthesis.
• Endoplasmic reticulum is a transport system within the cell.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins synthesised by ribosome.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and transports glycerol and lipids.
• Vacuole in a plant cell absorbs water until the cell becomes turgid.
• Vacuole in a plant cell contracts during osmoregulation, osmosis and excretion.
• Chloroplast in a plant cell absorbs sunlight and converts it to chemical energy for photosynthesis.
• Cytoplasm in a plant cell acts as a medium for biochemical reactions for the cell.
• Cell wall in a plant cell maintains plant cell shape.
• The living process of unicellular organisms includes movement, nutrition, responding to stimuli, respiration, excretion, and reproduction.
• Paramecium sp. and Amoeba sp. are examples of unicellular organisms.
• Paramecium sp. moves using rhythmic cilia beats.
• Amoeba sp. grabs food by phagocytosis and discharges undigested food when it moves.
• Both Paramecium sp. and Amoeba sp. move away from stimuli such as touch, bright light, and chemicals.
• The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion of the surface of the cell in the respiration process of unicellular organisms.
• Water will diffuse by osmosis and fill the contractile vacuole, causing it to contract and expel water in a process called osmoregulation.
• Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. reproduce via asexual reproduction that is binary fusion through mitosis.
• Paramecium sp. reproduces sexually through a process called conjugation when the environment is not suitable.
• Amoeba sp. forms spores that will only germinate when the environment improves when the environment is not suitable.
• Muscle cells contract and relax to produce movement.
• Nerve cells send nerve impulses.
• White blood cells destroy pathogens.
• Red blood cells optimise transportation of oxygen.
• Epithelial cells coat the surface of organs such as the digestive tract.
• Sperm cells have a head that carries a set of chromosomes from the male.
• Sieve tube elements transport organic materials from leaves to storage organs.
• Xylem vessels transport water and mineral salts from the root to other parts of plants.
• Palisade mesophyll cells allow maximum absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis.
• Spongy mesophyll cells allow gaseous exchange.
• Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stoma.
• Root hair cells are involved in the absorption of water and mineral salts.
• Epithelial tissue covers the outer skin and hollow surfaces in the body, such as the digestive tract and respiratory tract.
• On the skin, epithelial tissue protects against infection, injuries, and chemicals.
• Muscle tissue includes smooth muscle, which is found in the digestive tract, blood vessel, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.