urinalysis

• normal urine pH is 4.6-8 (acidic)
• Ketone is a product of fat metabolism in urine
• increased presence of leukocytes in urine means urinary infection
• a positive nitrite result indicated the presence of large amount of bacteria
• specific gravity of urine is the ratio of urine density to water density
• the normal urine specific gravity is 1.001-1.030
• hydrometer is used to know the specific gravity of urine
• microscopic urinalysis: color, turbidity, and volume
• the urine is acidic to protect the body from microorganisms